Computational Linguistics

Abstract This research paper evaluates whether people can communicate with people speaking in foreign languages through the mediation of translation applications. In a bid to perform this task, the paper makes a comprehensive analysis about the strategies that could be applied when translating. Furthermore, it will describe the mechanisms involved in facilitating the translation. It is, therefore, apparent that this research paper will concentrate on showing how translation application can mediate speaking to people with distinct languages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Computational Linguistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Development of a language is an ability that must occur in everybody’s life. There are numerous procedures that can be applied to understand the development of languages (Hausser, 2001). One of these methods involves computational approaches. Computational li nguistic is a broad concept derived from various disciplines (Hausser, 2001). The concept utilizes statistical procedures in structuring natural languages through computing. Some of the fields that these genres arise from are philosophy, investigators, speech experts, and cognitive scientist among others that contribute to accumulation of computation language knowledge. Literature Young learners are exposed to the concept of information acquisition at an early age. However, the society is biased when exposing the young learners. This is because it tends to favor positive information over negative information. In this process, learners are only aware about positive information. This is evidenced through the knowledge provided when they are exposed to total blackout. It appears during matters relating to negative information. This fact, therefore, limits the application of language computational models. In addition, it has been a common practice that a language can be learnt by introd ucing the content in small bits first. This is followed by increasing it gradually to favor optimal learning process (Chan Pollard, 2001). This concept has been applied in developing the robots with potentials that are almost similar to human beings. Also, this is applied to test the realities of linguistics theories. However, some people argue that disseminating bits information prolongs the learning process of the children. These theories argue that a person continues to develop linguistically when the natural network plays the role of perceiving and understanding (Grishman, 1986). Through the application of computational linguistic approaches, researchers have discovered advanced systems that have the capacity to foresee future development in linguistics. Additionally, they explain the development of the modern language. Some tools that have been applied include Prince Equation and poyla dynamics.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Translation from one language to another is guided by grammatical structures that govern the spoken and written language. This means that one will only archive a successful translation process if various forms of knowledge are applied. These forms of knowledge define grammatical rules that govern a language. Translation will require understanding of the two involved languages. The concept of language development has influenced the act of applying translation. A child learns overtime how to communicate effectively using a given language. The reason behind a child understanding language and ability to decode information has been the guiding factor to the development and implementation of translation (Lehmann, 2008). The logic is based on how the various forms of knowledge interact and produce a string that can be understood and interpreted by the brain. Analysis of Practicability in Developing Translators Translation mechani sms are based on applied computational concept when developing translation software and other applications. There are various forms of knowledge that are considered when developing these software and applications. This should be applied in accordance to the details described in the consequent sections of this research paper. This knowledge lays the basis of understanding how one can communicate to other people without any understanding of another language. Basic Translation Application Functioning Bi-translation was considered when translating from one language to another. The first step would be to develop the language structure of the two languages that are involved. This will be done by the languages specialists. The development of this structure will focus essentially on adherence to Phonetic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic knowledge. This is because the knowledge is concerned with the particulate languages. Adherence to the grammatical rules of the two languages will be the basic elements of achieving optimal efficiency when translating the two languages. This implies that a person will encounter similar problems to those expected in case s/he spoke the language. Consequently, a person must have adequate skills and manpower to facilitate application of all the knowledge in a manner upholding grammatical correctness with the aim of making sure that the target message is delivered.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Computational Linguistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next phase will involve developing the structures of the two languages in the computer application. These applications will be used for the translation. At this point, computer scientists, philosophers, artificial intelligence experts, psycholinguistics, cognitive physiologist, neuroscientist, logicians, and mathematicians among others will help in advancing the structures of the languages (Gelbukh, 2011). The advances will be performed in a manner that will be useful to the targeted party. This phase will involve developing a platform on how the two languages will be interacting. One communicators will be feeding the computer with contents using known language. On the other hand, the other person has to see it in a language that s/he understands. The question will be how to integrate the two languages such that translation is achieved without distorting the meaning. This is where artificial intelligence will play a vital role of harmonizing the communication between the two languages so that they can exchange the meaning appropriately. In other words, the machine will have an inter-language interface that helps the two languages to interact and determine the wording of the statements that are being translated. The modality of this interaction will, therefore, call for collective efforts from all the disciplines that are involved. Once these modalities are developed, it becomes possible to exchange information through such an application. Pragmatic knowledge, disclosure knowledge, and world knowledge are put into action. This means that once one party writes a sentence within a certain context, the other will receive the sentence in the other language just as the writer intendeds. Descriptions will be possible because the application can accord the rightful meaning of every word through context word evaluation. This involves contextual application of the word. Usage of world knowledge, therefore, becomes possible due to the involvement of different contexts. This will facilitate effective translation since the machine will recognize the context through the structure of the words. Translation Mechanism The concepts of localization and internationalization are the guiding factors in translation mechanism. Localization of translation mechanism takes place in two phases. The first stage entails utilization of the translation structure defined by artificial in telligence. It establishes the procedures that the translation process follows. This establishes an interphase between the two languages. Moreover, it works on the basis that the two languages will present the contents in a defined manner favoring translation. This implies that language content is presented in strings that are remitted to other language structures for translation.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A string is a pattern that a language presents the building blocks given in a text. A string comprises of many patterns. This is because a language is not exhausted. An application will have a string pattern adapter used to streamline the patterns for effective handling. String patterns adopter categorizes strings into classes. The classifications help in replication of patterns that have closely related patterns. This means that one class of the string is not presented as the entire language. Moreover, a string is presented in structural rules relating to it. For instance, assuming that a sentence has a noun and a verb, the string pattern generated will be accompanied by rules relating to the combination of words. These words will be from the two classes and the world knowledge associated when enhancing contextualization. The final stage involves the actual localization of the translated words (Bowker, 2002). This means that the language content made on one side is translated succe ssfully and adopted by the other party. This aspect of translation is achieved when the translation of a language content relays an intended meaning. Furthermore, it implies that when one language presents an ambiguous string to the other language, the translated meaning differ from the exact intensions. Consequently, the actual localization will not be achieved. Internationalization is the individual understanding ability facilitated by translation. When a successful translation is performed, it is defined as internationalization of a local language. The effectiveness of the mechanism is not based on the ability to convey the intended message. Instead, it is the ability to contextualize information in the other culture. This ensures attainment of common ground between the two parties. A combination of internationalization and localization is the baseline dictating the interaction of two languages. This is because the two concepts define the extent of interaction between the parties involved. This happens through mutual respect to each party culture. The translation mechanism has a structured course to be followed. First, the source sentence is written in accordance to grammatical structural rules of the local language. Syntactic analysis will be carried out to pave the way for syntactic parse tree. Afterwards, syntactic transformation is carried out leading to second language generation that results to the production of targeted sentence. This process takes place in accordance to the modelling. This facilitates realization of the desired outcome (Quah, 2006). Translation mechanism strategies Knowledge based approach This method relies on stereotyped domain knowledge in a context involving automation of the written text. The method is affected by translation requirement that advocates for execution of syntactic analysis. This analysis has good and bad effects to the quality of translation under this approach. The key advantage associated to this approach is ar ises from its ability to create a platform of multilingual translation (Quah, 2006). In addition, this approach facilitates grammatical transfer of language content to concrete parsing and technique generation. A parser is used to generate semantic representation through mapping of the source language while the generator matches the representation to the desired language. Moreover, this method facilitates translation of the local language into many languages. This is because only one parser is required to generate different languages. This means that the generators have to be based on different languages. This approach is essential in multilingual translation because its development can be traced. Figure1: Shows the flow of translation under knowledge bases approach This method provides the principle stages that a text passes for translation purposes. This method is only applied during paired language translations. This means that it is used when one needs to translate from one lan guage into another. In addition, this method does not require linguistic theories to function. It relies on utilizing morphological analysis, dictionaries and word processing mechanism to carry out translation process. Figure 2 shows the flow of translation under direct strategy approach. Figure 2 shows the flow of translation under direct strategy approach Transfer Translation strategy Under this method, the text is translated is by passing through abstract internal representation. This will facilitates information transfer at both structural and lexical levels of the two languages. Translation then occurs immediately after completing information transfer for the two levels. Three dictionaries can be applied in this method. The three dictionaries are Structural level dictionary, lexical level transfer dictionary and bilingual dictionary (Quah, 2006). Interlingua Transfer strategy This method involves developing independent multilingual dictionary. This serves as a universal dictio nary for translating languages in all levels. This method requires N source texts and M translated text to function only. This means that the required amount of transfer blocks is the multiple of the two base blocks. N analyzers are used to work alongside M generators in this translation (Quah, 2006). Translation Applications Translation application is a computer program that can produce a text in a different language from the input language. There are various known translations programs that include Language Ware Access Professional, Globalink Power Translator Professional, and Intergraph Transcend Version among others (Bowker, 2002). The translation mechanism of this application takes various forms. Semantic invariance is one way that a translation mechanism utilizes in the translation process. This methodology involves preservation of the invariant meaning during translation. Pragmatic invariance is the other methodology. It focuses on preserving the intentions of the sender. The application must preserve the intention of the sender in order to uphold effectiveness of the translation. Structural invariance ensures that syntactic structure is adhered (Bowker, 2002). This ensures that the string patterns are unaltered. Lexical invariance facilitates ‘one to one’ word mapping. This is essential in deducing the right word to match with the input word. Spatial invariance safeguards external traits that are associated with the words in the text. Communication Using Translation Application There are two ways that translation can be achieved and used. One method involves the use of human interpreters. This could be on the site where it is supported by computer application. The other method uses automated interpretation technologies. Under the automated interpretation technologies, the application that interprets the content is inbuilt (Quah, 2006). There are the three ways that automated translation technology could be used. One-Way Technology This tec hnology facilitates passing of information from one part to another using pre-corded multilingual phrases. The application has an inbuilt warehouse of these phrases (Bowker, 2002). The person relaying a message chooses the phrase to be used basing on operational guidelines. This method is disadvantageous because it does not facilitate feedbacks. Limited two-way technology This method allows the person conveying information to use structured phrases and sentences to send the message. The sender feeds the message to the application program using a local language. However, the recipient receives an understandable language. The method is more effective than one-technology way because it facilities limited feedback from the information recipient. This is because the inbuilt data warehouse contains response phrase (Bowker, 2002). However, this method is not effective because it does not allow respondents to express feeling in their own ways. Full two-way technology It is the best develope d and most effective method. It facilitates the interpretation of language soon after feeding sound to the interpretation software. It facilitates a two-way communication between the parties involved. The technology is not only applicable in computers, but also to specialized headsets (Bowker, 2002). It is used commonly in international conferences. Conclusion The world today has experienced increased interaction between people who do not share a common language. The need to facilitate effective communication between people has resulted to the development of translation application that assist them in their communication when performing their activities. These translation applications abide to the developed language structure (Gelbukh, 2011). This consolidates the fact that translating a language requires a person to understand and speak it. The grammatical understanding has to be built in this system. This research has addressed the following question. Can we communicate with peopl e who have foreign language using translation applications? The answer to this question is ‘yes’. We can communicate to people who speak a foreign language using translation applications. The research paper has squarely covered the basics that are necessary to achieve that goal. It is factual to argue that communication is no longer a significant barrier to human activities. References Bowker, L. (2002). Computer-aided translation technology: a practical introduction. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. Chan, S., Pollard, D. E. (2001). An encyclopaedia of translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Gelbukh, A. (2011). Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing 12th international conference cicling proceedings. Berlin: Springer. Grishman, R. (1986). Computational linguistics: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hausser, R. R. (2001). Foundations of computational linguistics: human-computer commun ication in natural language (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. Lehmann, C. (2008). Morphology, Part 2 an International Handbook on Inflection and Word-formation. Berlin: Walter Quah, C. K. (2006). Translation and technology. Houndmills [England: Palgrave Macmillan. This research paper on Computational Linguistics was written and submitted by user Marilyn Pitts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Native American Argumentative Essay Topics - How to Prepare For These Essays

Native American Argumentative Essay Topics - How to Prepare For These EssaysNative American argumentative essay topics are always a challenge. In most cases, there is a long list of topics that can be used, and those that cannot. This is where the Native American student really gets her licks in!One thing to remember when looking for Native American argumentative essay topics is that a lot of these are loaded with a lot of qualifiers. It's easy to assume that you have hit the jackpot and not realize that there are probably a lot of qualifiers available. For example, you could have asked a question like 'Who were the first Native Americans?' You might have also asked 'What kinds of skills did these early Americans use?'Here, we're looking at a wide range of qualifications. It's great to find an essay topic like this, because it allows us to continue the question, 'Who were the first Native Americans?' And, if you can find a good way to start with a qualifier or qualification, that wil l really add some character to your Native American argumentative essay topics.To help with the difficulty of Native American argumentative essay topics, one idea to use is the 'big words' approach. By using big words and big ideas, you will definitely have a better chance of ending up with a good essay. And, you'll have found yourself an essay topic that you feel confident in, and a topic that is going to grab a lot of attention. It is these topics that become the benchmarks by which other topics are judged.Think about something that is particularly important to the people from the particular topic you are writing about. A major historical event is going to be something that is very important to them. If it is a very large political issue, it may even be something that is very critical to the way they see the world.The best way to approach the subject of Native American argumentative essay topics is to look at a story, or more specifically, consider a story. Then, think about a per son, or more specifically, think about a person's emotions. Then, look at how these stories have impacted the people who are telling them. That is what makes Native American argumentative essay topics such challenging topics.When you find yourself in a line of Native American argumentative essay topics, try to take your time, think about all the qualifiers that may apply, and maybe even take some notes or put together some ideas about what the main points or concepts of the topic are. This will help you along the way and will help you find the best essay topics.

Job Profile - Human Resources Managers

Job Profile - Human Resources Managers What Is a Human Resources Manager? A human resources manager, or HR manager, is in charge of overseeing the human capital, or employees, of an organization. They often help to staff an organization by recruiting employees, conducting hiring interviews, and selecting new employees. Once staff is hired, the human resources manager may oversee employee training, employee benefits programs (such as insurance programs), and disciplinary proceedings.   Human Resources Management Job Titles Some human resources managers are just called human resources managers, but others may have more specialized titles. Some of the most common job titles associated with the human resources management field include:   Affirmative Action SpecialistBenefits ManagerCompensation ManagerEmployee Relations representativeEmployee Welfare ManagerGovernment Personnel SpecialistJob AnalystLabor Relations ManagerPersonnel ManagerTraining Manager Required Education for Human Resources Managers Most human resources managers have some sort of formal education. The minimum requirement is typically a bachelors degree in business, management, human resources or a related field. However, it is not uncommon for human resources to have a more advanced degree, such as a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or a specialized masters degree, such as a Master in Human Resources Management. While enrolled in a human resources degree  program, students will usually take core business courses in management, accounting, and finance as well as more specialized courses that teach them about labor relations, workplace psychology, benefits management, business ethics, and business law. Student who want to work for a company with a global business presence should also take courses in international business.   In addition to classes, aspiring human resources managers should also seek out other opportunities while they are enrolled in a college, university or business school program. Networking is important in this field. Meeting people will make it easier to get a job after graduation and may even help you to fill positions once you do start working for a company. Participating in internships and experiential learning experiences can also give you valuable hands-on skills that will prepare you for your career and possibly give you an edge over other applicants when you enter the workforce after graduation.   Salaries for Human Resources Managers Human resources management is a lucrative career path for business majors. According to numbers published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, human resources managers make a median annual salary of more than $100,000 per year. The highest paid HR managers earn almost $200,000 per year.   Job Outlook for Human Resources Managers Growth  in the human resources field  is expected to be better than average in the coming years, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Opportunities are expected to be best for individuals with a masters degree in human resources or a related area.

Sustainable operations,research paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sustainable operations, - Research Paper Example Carrefour is a multi-format, multi-channel and multi-local group comprising of approximately 9,994 stores which operates in thirty three different countries in the world. Stores operate in a range formats and channels namely, hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores, cash and carry stores for professionals and hypercash stores which are specifically designed to address the requirements of different consumer segments. Some stores are designed by vertically integrating the stages in the value chain example, Hypercash stores combines the benefits of Cash and carry stores (wholesale) and convenience of hypermarkets (retail). Creating specific investment between stages of the value chain helps firms to internally exploit their pool of knowledge and capacities, and to guarantee quality of inputs and services employed (DÃ ­ez N.p). Carrefour has launched specific sustainability oriented programs to the stakeholders in different stages of its value chain. Sustainable development for the business enterprise can be defined as adopting business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources that will be needed in the future. This definition suggests that business growth must meet the needs of its shareholders; lenders, customers, employees, suppliers and communities who are affected by the organization’s activities which must not irreparably degrade or destroy the natural and human resource bases in its venture for raising physical and financial capital. Carrefour adopts a sustainable development self-assessment tool for the suppliers which is a detailed self-evaluation framework designed in conjunction with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), accessible to suppliers online, including forty nine self assessment criteria based on four central pillars: sustainable development management

Sponsoring Arsenal Football Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sponsoring Arsenal Football Club - Essay Example The season for the premier league starts from the month of august till may. It is one of the most lucrative leagues as it is attracting all the top players all over the world to its teams. In the year 1992, the premiere league was sponsored by Carlings. This was followed by the sponsorship of the premiere league by the Barclays card. "A history of the premier league". In the year 2001, the Barclays started complete sponsorship to the premiere league and from there on it came to be known as Barclays Premiere League. Today, people recognise the English premiere league by the name of Barclays. The sponsorship to the league started in the year 1992, it was first sponsored by Carlings and later on by Barclaycard from 2001-2004, Barclays 2004-2007, Barclays premier league finally 2007-2010. The total number of teams competing in the Barclay's premier league is 40 clubs. Out of the 40, 4 have already won the title of Manchester united, Blackburn rovers, arsenal, Chelsea. I have also discuss ed the competition format for the 20 clubs in the premiere league. About Barclay Bank, the bank has its headquarters in London alongwith Barclays Group Chairman is Marcus Aguis, and the Group Chief Executive is John Varley. They also function in all over the world, offering their customers with the suitable products and services. The company is listed on the London stock exchange. The bank also complies with the UK combined code on corporate governance. Barclays bank has a history of 300 years old. In all these years the bank has grown to offer its customers the required and the right product and the serices, suiting their requirement. The bank has its services in the field of financial services; they are also into retail and commercial banking, credit cards, investment banking, wealth management services al over the globe. The bank has its extensive international presence in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. The Barclays bank operates in more than 50 countries and has its tota l employees of approximately 155,000 people. Now, the question arises as why did Barclays bank tie up with the premiere league The premier league laid down the following objectives and they were the ones that compelled Barclays to sponsor the premiere league. They were to be regarded world's best football league off and on the field, to promote the accessibilty to live games and enough media exposure and generate traffic to the media channel where the league is forecasted. To generate sufficient revenue so as to strengthen the future events of the premier league and its clubs as also been the main aim of the premier league. Football is the main domestic sport of the people there. They thought that this is the best way to advertise and promote their products and services. As the traffic is already generated by the fans, so they thought of doing innovative marketing and promotion of their products and services. They contributed to the premier league right from the year 2001 till 2010. Obviously, if Barclays is sponsoring such a big event then it would definitely change the preception of the people regarding Barclays banking. They are

Children Penalties Essay Example for Free

Children Penalties Essay All through America it seems that juvenile children are committing extremely severe crimes. Fellow classmates and teachers are being murdered by juveniles as young as eleven and thirteen. As a result of this, a major issue has been raised, should children who commit a serious crime face the penalties as and adult? Do these kids know what they are doing? And more importantly do they know the consequences of their actions. The points that Im going to be outlining are children dont know/ know the consequences of their actions, harsh punishment has little effect, youths are more mature so they know the consequences of their actions, the notion of justice, children may not have been given adequate role modals, youths should be given harsh punishments so others will not copy them, children grow up with guns and its the shooters responsibility not the weapon used. Those who believe that juveniles should receive adult penalties for serious crimes often claim that the young children are not fully aware of the crime they commit and destruction that will affect the victims of the crime. For example in a shooting at Jonesboro, where an eleven and thirteen year old shot dead four school girls and a teacher, critics distinguished that the attack wasnt committed at the spur of the moment or under the immediate influence of strong emotion. Instead they claim that the killings were highly planned and vigilantly carried out. The two juvenile killers were noted to supplied themselves with a gate away vehicle, wore camouflage clothing, selected a high vantage point form which to shoot, lured their innocent victims out by trigging a fire alarm and waited for the school doors to automatically lock before opening fire. (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) The opposing view is that children in their opinion are unable to grasp the consequences of their actions. A child who kills very probably doesnt realize the finality of death and so does not fully understand what he/she has done when they take someones life. Correspondingly, it is claimed that children are unlikely to be deterred for a crime because they are terrified of a cruel punishment. According to this line of disagreement most children are impulsive and have a naive idea in  their own immortality. This means that children are unlikely to think about possible punishments prior to committing a serious crime and are unlikely to be able to even envision penalties like life in jail being applied to them. This point was made by child psychiatrist William Licamele, who claimed, At age 11 or 12 kid are normally self-absorbed, self centered, magical, they dont think anything can happen to them, there is going to be no retribution (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) This meaning that the threat of harsh punishment will not prevent them from committing a crime. Thus, it has been argued that applying adult penalties to children who commit serious crimes will have little to no deterrent effect. On the other hand, juveniles should receive adult punishments; fully premeditated murders (like the Jonesboro have been said to be) are no different just because juveniles have committed them. This point questions weather or not the young offenders are adequately aware of the cost of their actions to be held legally liable for them. Mr. Gerard Henderson, executive director of Sydney institute, has summed up this point of arrangement. He claims, I certainly know what I was doing when I was 13 and 11. I suspect that Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden (shooters at Jonesboro) also know what they were doing (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) Mr. Gerard Henderson also claims, Those days it is increasingly accepted that most children mature relatively early and that, in an intellectual and recreational sense. Most are relatively independent by 16 (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) This indicates that youth are more mature and so its argued that they are more capable of appreciating the consequences of their actions than children in the past years. Focusing on the punishment of these so called more mature youths is shortsighted, as the cause of the crime committed is probably outside the control of the children. According to this line argument, the general public is more likely to be able to prevent these crimes from occurring if they can  discover why they are happening, rather than focusing on the punishment of the individual offender. This suggests that children who commit serious crimes are most likely victims of developments of society or inside their own families that they are not responsible for. E.g. same authorities have suggested that martial breakdown, the disintegration of extended family and families were both parents work may all be factors contributing to child crime. (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) Many people say that it doesnt matter that a child committed the crime, but that the damaged he/she caused to the victim is the same no matter the age of the perpetrator. Mitchell Weight, whose wife was one of the five killed at Jonesboro claimed, It doesnt matter that those were boys. Their age has nothing to do with the fact that they murdered my wife and four others (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 3) Those who say that the crime and the damage should remain the same despite the age of the offender seem to mean that the punishment should be that same. This argument is based on the notion of justice. Those who affect serious harm to others should be given a proportionately serve penalty for their crimes. Children may have committed a crime that has caused serious harm due to having had luck of guidance and emotional support. The child may suffer from feelings of desertion, alienation and damaged self-esteem. Which can encourage them to lush out at others. Such children may not have been given adequate role modals to help them cope with whatever hardship they will encounter in their lives. Children who lush out at others and become juvenile offenders should receive comparable penalties to adult crimes so that other young people will not copy them. This point was put by Mr. Gerard Henderson, he argued and said that, The Jonesboro shooting was but the most recent in a wave of schoolyard murders where boys or young men have murdered students and teachers. Who is to say the soft treatment of one young murderer will not encourage another? (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 3) Societies such as the United States where guns are broadly accepted and where  even young children are trained in the use of guns, are giving young offenders a mean of turning their teenage anger and resentment into homicide. If guns were not so widely available then most of the school shootings would have never happened, the child with the sense of grievance would have expressed it in a form such as fighting, truancy or disobedience in class. It has been claimed that children trained from an early age in the use of guns may be desensitized to potentially grave consequences. Children introduced to guns at an early age may simple regard guns as one more toy. Although guns are widely available that opposing view is that you cant blame the availability of weapons for any crime committed using them. A local in Jonesboro stated, You lay a gun on the table and a hundred years from now the gun will still be there, unless someone touches it (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) This argument is saying that the responsibility for the shooting rests with the shooter, not the weapon. I personally believe that it depends on the offender, weather it was committed from a strong emotion or a planned slaughter. Either way they should first go into a program to help them. But if it was a planned slaughter, at the same time of being in a program they should get punished as an adult so they know that they cant get away with it and no one else hopefully will not copy what they have done. The issues that I have covered in this essay are that children dont know/know what they have done, harsh punishment doesnt work well, youths have grown up a lot more quickly, if they harm someone the offender should get the equal amount of punishment, they have has no good role modals, soft treatment will make other youths copy the offenders crime, guns are part if the youths life from a young age and its not the weapons responsibility of the crime that they have committed. Bibliography: Mclnerney, J, 1994 www.echoed.com.au/protected/outlines1/issues.htm Echo Education Services

The Pearl by John Stienbeck Movie versus Novel Essay -- essays researc

In the novel The Pearl the author, John Steinbeck, writes about a man named Kino who finds a â€Å"Great Pearl† and how greed consumes him and the people around him with murderous feelings towards the beholder of the pearl. A movie was later adapted from the book in 1947 that exhibited many similar characteristics as the book. However, although the book and the movie are very much a like they are also quite different. In the novel, the main character, Kino, goes out to find a pearl in hopes of getting money to pay the doctor to treat Coyotito, his son, who has been bitten by a scorpion. Kino discovers the biggest pearl anyone has ever seen, and believes the pearl will bring nothing but good for him and his family. The pearl does change the lives of Kino, his wife Juana, and Coyotito, but not in the way he had hoped. When the people in La Paz find out about Kino’s pearl, he is visited by a greedy priest and doctor, the deceitful pearl buyers try to scam him into selling it to them for less than it’s worth, and the pearl was almost stolen twice. Kino kills the second thief in self-defense...