English In The Indian Subcontinent

English in the Indian Subcontinent Just as in the Caribbean, the English Language arrived in South Asia as a result of colonisation. Unlike its history in the Caribbean, however, English has always co-existed in the Indian subcontinent alongside thousands of local languages. So for most of the population, it has only ever been a second language. The origins of English in India The British first arrived in India in the early 1600s and soon established trading posts in a number of cities under the control of The East India Company.By 1765 the Company’s influence had grown to such an extent that the British were effectively controlling most parts of the country. This date is often taken as the start of what is referred to as The Raj — a period of British rule in India that lasted until Independence in 1947. Initially English was only taught to the local population through the work of Christian missionaries — there were no official attempts to force the language on t he masses.But by the 1700s, English had firmly established itself as the language of administration and many educated Indians were demanding instruction in English as a means of social advancement. By 1857 universities had opened in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. English was increasingly accepted as the language of government, of the social elite, and of the national press. After Independence After Independence, India became a nation state, and it was intended that English would gradually be phased out as the language of administration.But there was no simple solution as to which language should replace it. At first Hindi, the most widely spoken language, seemed the obvious choice, but following violent protests in 1963 in the state of Tamil Nadu against the imposition of Hindi as a national language, opinion has remained divided. In a country with over 900 million people and more than a thousand languages, it is difficult to choose a single national language, as mother tongue speaker s of that language would automatically enjoy greater social status and have easier access to positions of power and influence.Even Ghandi, a proponent of a native variety as a national language, accepted that his message was most widely understood if expressed in English. So, although English is not an indigenous language, it remains as an ‘Associate Language’ in India, alongside Hindi, the ‘Official Language of the Union of India’ and eighteen ‘National Languages', such as Bengali, Gujurati and Urdu, that have a special status in certain individual states. English in India today Despite continued pressure from nationalists, English remains at the heart of Indian society.It is widely used in the media, in Higher Education and government and therefore remains a common means of communication, both among the ruling classes, and between speakers of mutually unintelligible languages. According to recent surveys, approximately 4% of the Indian population us e English. That figure might seem insignificant, but out of the total population this represents 35 million speakers — the largest English-speaking community outside the USA and the UK. In addition there are speakers of English in other parts of South Asia, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, where English plays a similar role.English is virtually a mother tongue for many educated South Asians, but for the vast majority it remains a second language. This means there are speakers whose spoken English is heavily influenced by speech patterns of their ethnic language, alongside those whose speech reveals nothing of their racial background and some who are ranged somewhere in between. Asian influence There are a number of elements that characterise the more ‘extreme’ forms of South Asian English. In terms of pronunciation, many speakers do not differentiate between the sounds and .They might also replace in words like think and this with a and sound, as no In dian languages contain these consonants. Under the influence of traditional Hindi grammar, speakers often use progressive tenses in statements, such as I am believing you or she is liking music. Anyone who has experience of speech in the UK's Asian communities will also have encountered the phenomenon of code-switching — mixing words, phrases or even whole sentences from two different languages within the same conversation.The occasional or even frequent use of a Hindi (or Urdu, Punjabi, Gujurati etc.) word or expression within an English sentence can communicate a great sense of shared identity or solidarity with other speakers. This characteristic feature of Asian speech has led commentators to coin popular terms, such as Hinglish (i. e. Hindi English) or Pinglish (i. e. Pakistani English). The table below gives several examples of speakers using a number of pronunciations and grammatical constructions that are typical of speech on the Indian subcontinent. All the audio cli ps are taken from recent BBC interviews and come from spontaneous conversation and therefore reflect the natural reflexes of South Asian English.The left hand column lists each feature, while the second column gives an explanation. The list is by no means comprehensive, but by clicking on the sound file you can hear an extract from a recording of a speaker using the target feature. English in India Officially English has a status of assistant language, but in fact it is the most important language of India. After Hindi it is the most commonly spoken language in India and probably the most read and written language in India. Indians who know English will always try to show that they know English.English symbolizes in Indians minds, better education, better culture and higher intellect. Indians who know English often mingle it with Indian languages in their conversations. It is also usual among Indians to abruptly move to speak fluent English in the middle of their conversations. Engl ish also serves as the communicator among Indians who speak different language. English is very important in some systems – legal, financial, educational, business – in India. Until the beginning of 1990s, foreign movies in India weren’t translated or dubbed in Indian languages, but were broadcast in English and were meant for English speakers only.The reason Indians give such importance to English is related to the fact that India was a British colony (see Europeans in India). When the British started ruling India, they searched for Indian mediators who could help them to administer India. The British turned to high caste Indians to work for them. Many high caste Indians, especially the Brahmans worked for them. The British policy was to create an Indian class who should think like the British, or as it was said then in Britain â€Å"Indians in blood and color but English in taste, in opinions and morals and intellect†.The British also established in Ind ia universities based on British models with emphasis on English. These Indians also got their education in British universities. The English Christian missionaries came to India from 1813 and they also built schools at primary level for Indians in which the language of instruction was local language. Later on the missionaries built high schools with English as the language of instruction which obliged the Indians who wanted to study to have a good knowledge of English.The British rulers began building their universities in India from 1857. English became the first language in Indian education. The ‘modern’ leaders of that era in India also supported English language and claimed it to be the main key towards success. Indians who knew good English were seen as the new elite of India. Many new schools were established in which the language of instruction was English. According to the British laws the language of instruction at university level was English and therefore sc hools that emphasized English were preferred by ambitious Indians.Even after India’s independence, English remained the main language of India. Officially it was given a status of an assistant language and was supposed to terminate officially after 15 years of India’s independence, but it still remains the important language of India. Even today schools in India that emphasis English are considered better schools and the same is the case at university levels, even though there is a trend towards Indianization. In the 1970s and 1980s about one third of the Indian schools had English as their first language.For most of these students, English is their first language and it is easier for them to communicate, read and write in English than in Indian languages, including their mother tongues. Just like the Americans, Australians or even the British who have their unique English words and phrases, the Indians also have their own unique English. The Indians and the Indian Eng lish language press uses many words derived from Indian languages, especially from Hindi. Other than that, the Indian accent is sometimes difficult for non-Indians to understand. There are some Indian pronunciations that don’t exist in non Indian languages.The British also had problems with that and they caused some changes in Indian words so that they could pronounce them. Even the Indians started using these changed words and made them part of their English. Two examples of such changed words are currey and sari. your score. English as a National Foreign Language India has two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English. Hindi is the national, official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian Constitution also officially approves twenty-two regional languages for official purposes.Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in India, which share many characteristics such as grammat ical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi is used for communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. In the southern states of India, where people speak many different languages that are not much related to Hindi, there is more resistance to Hindi, which has allowed English to remain a lingua franca to a greater degree.Since the early 1600s, the English language has had a toehold on the Indian subcontinent, when the East India Company established settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay respectively. The historical background of India is never far away from everyday usage of English. India has had a longer exposure to English than any other country which uses it as a second language, its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and rhetoric spreading gradually to affect all places, habits and culture. In India, English serve s two purposes.First, it provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of the country, causing people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of wider communication, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area. It overlaps with local languages in certain spheres of influence and in public domains. Generally, English is used among Indians as a ‘link’ language and it is the first language for many well-educated Indians. It is also the second language for many who speak more than one language in India.The English language is a tie that helps bind the many segments of our society together. Also, it is a linguistic bridge between the major countries of the world and India. English has special national status in India. It has a special place in the parliament, judiciary, broadcasting, journalism, and in the education system. One can see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving their students instructions during an educational tour about where to meet and when their bus would leave, but all in English. It means that the language permeates daily life.It is unavoidable and is always expected, especially in the cities. The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly because English has become the de facto standard. Learning English language has become popular for business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for internet communications throughout the world. English is a language that has become a standard not because it has been approved by any ‘standards’ organization but because it is widely used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard.The call centre phenomenon has stimulated a huge expansion of internet-related activity, establishing the future of India as a cyber-technological super-power. Modern communications, videos, journals and newspapers on the internet use English and h ave made ‘knowing English’ indispensable. The prevailing view seems to be that unless students learn English, they can only work in limited jobs. Those who do not have basic knowledge of English cannot obtain good quality jobs. They cannot communicate efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of India’s rich social and cultural life.Men and women who cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in English, even if educated, are unemployable. They cannot help with their children’s school homework everyday or decide their revenue options of the future. A positive attitude to English as a national language is essential to the integration of people into Indian society. There would appear to be virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language skills. Using English you will become a citizen of the world almost naturally. English plays a dominant role in the media.It has been used as a medium for inter-state communica tion and broadcasting both before and since India’s independence. India is, without a doubt, committed to English as a national language. The impact of English is not only continuing but increasing. IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH IN INDIA In our country English is important for a number of reasons. India is a land of diversity. Different people speak different languages. A person of Tamil Nadu does not speak Hindi. So he can't understand Hindi of a person from North India. However he can understand in English.So English is alink language. Different people can communicate with one another with the help of English. Secondly,all advanced knowledge in science,technology and medicine is available in English. The results of the latest researches come to india through the medium of English. If we give up English,we will lag behind in the higher fields of study. Today the world has become one family. It is all due to English. English is an international language. English is the language of th e Constitution,the Supreme Court,the High Courts and official departments.English is now firmly rooted in the soil of India. It has become a part of Indian life. Thus English has great importance for the integrity of India. It has to be second language in our contry for the better development of the country. Summary: A look at the importance of English in India and the world. Read more at http://www. usingenglish. com/articles/importance-english-language. html#tv8TJv6iPHuq8AYh. 99 A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others.It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat an d mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people.Language, so far as we know, is something specific to humans, that is to say it is the basic capacity that distinguishes humans from all other living beings. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes. A set of linguists who based their assumptions of language on psychology made claims that language is nothing but ‘habit formation’. According to them, language is learnt through use, through practice. In their view, ‘the more one is exposed to the use of language, the better one learns’.Written languages use symbols (characters) to build words. The entire set of words is the language’s vocabulary. The ways in which the words can be meaningfully combined is defined by the langua ge’s syntax and grammar. The actual meaning of words and combinations of words is defined by the language’s semantics. The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse.The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have given the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have won many international awards for creative and comparative literatures during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book â€Å"The God of Small Things†.Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe. Over the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language. A famous Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoor’s film â€Å"Elizabeth† has got several nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe.English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. In India, people going from North to South for education or business mostly communicate in English, which has become a link language. Keeping this in mind, the Parliament has also recognized English as an official l anguage in addition to Hindi.All the facts of history and developments in present day India underline the continued importance of learning English in addition to vernaculars. Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in public demand for teaching of English language from the primary classes. Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India.Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction. A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it. English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibrant and are developing by the contribution s of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language.We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world. English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint. We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against our experience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also propagate our theories among the international audience and readers.We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of religion at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousands of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity in the world.When William Caxton set up his printing press in London (1477) the new hybrid language (vernacular English mixed with courtly French and scholarly Latin) became increasingly standardized, and by 1611, when the Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible was published, the educated English of London had become the core of what is now called Standard English. By the time of Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and the American Declaration of Independence (1776), English was international and recognizable as the language we use today.The Orthography of English was more or less established by 1650 and, in England in particular, a form of standard educated speech, known as Received Pronunciation (RP) spread from the major public schools in the 19th century. This accent was adopted in the early 20th ce ntury by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for its announcers and readers, and is variously known as RP, BBC English, Oxford English, and the King’s or Queen’s English. Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language.Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English. Read more at http://www. usingenglish. com/articles/importance-english-language. html#l0tZymxyFrQpCsKi. 99

Ethical Considerations For Testing Essay

There have been many debates throughout the years regarding ethics and when, where and how they are to be used. Many people are unsure of how ethical beliefs should be combined with the proper ways of instructing and testing. Is it ethical to give someone a test if they are not prepared for that test? In the real world, if an individual is not prepared for a certain business meeting, they can simply reschedule. This is the controversy that comes to mind when ethics and testing are combined. Many people believe that there is no ethical considerations given for testing. It is thought by some that students are forced to take a specific test that they are, in fact not ready for, which would prove to be very unethical. However, each curriculum and test is based on things that each student should have already been made aware of during the duration of classes. Therefore, they are, in fact, ready to complete the test. Ethics is overall, a major branch of philosophy, which encompasses and deals with good living and the right conduct. Where there are many different forms of ethics such as business ethics, being thical basically means making the correct and proper decisions. The proper decision concerning testing procedures and the way they are distributed is quite simple. First, the student is taught the material that is to be on the test. Next, the student is to study this material so it is memorized to an extent in their head, given an appropriate amount of time, which usually entails about a week or so. Finally, once all of the criteria has been fully absorbed, and the teacher feels that the content hat is being taught has been sufficiently learned, a test will be given. This test is simply to ensure that the content that was discussed in classed has been effectively learned by the students. It is to my belief that it is not considered unethical for a test to be given simply because a student complains that they were not prepared enough. The teacher has already gone through the necessary preparations for the test, and the rest of the studying is left up to the student to ensure that they are prepared. It is, in fact, true that in the real world if a person working has been scheduled a specific or certain meeting, that they can simply reschedule that meaning if they do not feel they are appropriately prepared enough. Ethically, the proper decision for this person would be to reschedule their business appointment. However, it is not ethical for a student to attempt to reschedule a test unless they have substantial reason for doing so. Examples of such reasoning would be having missed a few days of school due to a sickness.

Supervisory Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supervisory Skills - Research Paper Example The leader will act as a mentor, coach and teacher to gain support for meeting productive outcomes and performance targets. â€Å"Authentic relationships evolve over time† (Starnes, Truhon & McCarthy, 2010, p.5). Motivational problems can be overcome through more visible interaction in the management environment and by allowing decentralized decision-making to occur where solutions are provided horizontally rather than top-down. This will improve a sense of social belonging and remove layers of power distance that can de-motivate and also improve the self-esteem that leads to better enthusiasm in job role function. The long-term plan hinges on success in using transformational leadership design to gain commitment and improve motivation. Once establishing the foundation of a positive corporate culture built on knowledge-sharing and team function, as well as emphasis on human resources development, the Quality Control department will undergo sweeping changes related to total quality management. Each director will utilize a balanced scorecard to measure individual performance and the performance of production as well as research and development, which will be reported to the VP. The total quality management approach will consist of the Delphi Method, a qualitative forecasting tool involving multiple stakeholders in which solutions are brainstormed recurrently until new processes or systems needed for improvement are identified (Rowe & Wright, 1999). The Delphi Method will improve relationship development among colleagues, improve knowledge transfer, and open the doors for innovation by providing multitudes of solutions to improve quality and performance in each director’s division. This will further emphasize cultural development and improve competitive advantage in human capital among competing firms in this industry. Reorganization is required only in the factory line, which must be

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Individual and Group Essay

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Individual and Group Behaviour - Essay Example My diary work will follow a conglomeration of the attributes namely that of apprehension, leadership, psychological agreement, psychological development as well as transference. The sole motive behind selecting these issues is due to my belief that these issues will be affecting me enormously in both the sporting environment as well as an employment environment I obtained realization of the fact that interaction with the people is of great importance in life whether it be the people whom I have known well as well as those with whom I had very little interactions. In this respect the ushering of the group behavior provides us the scope for the development of individual behavior and problems of the society to the greatest possible extents. These problems are solved to the greater possible extent with the help of effective solutions which are applied most efficiently by the society under consideration in accordance with the opinions of people of the society. For expanding the horizon of my knowledge on these topics I concentrated on to the specific Freudian techniques for a transparent understanding. The knowledge associated with the psychological agreement has immensely benefitted me and I have become much more conscious about the fact that as psychological indenture is unwritten it can put stress on the workers and turmoil their presentation. This bears significant importance for me in the study of such an agreement as I am currently studying it and it may need longer study hours as what I consider my agreement to be possibly will not be reciprocally decided within the psychological agreement and hence it permits me to support myself for some displeasures if ever created upon such a situation. An instance of the psychological agreement within my profession as an assistance of a makeup artist is that my work manager might anticipate a certain customary of performance as she disburses for me and others as well to work. Now if I fail to convene the demanding volume of physical task it might lead to greater level of stress for me as well as in return permit the manager to conclude my working environment. I will be truthful and reveal the fact that my view of devolution was to disregard such a notion as I realised that I have provided people an opportunity before I made my mind clear up regarding their kind of character. Along with this, the notion completely disregards this view. This was merely a week previous to the first coursework where I have decided to assess my personal preference map as well my perception about the distinction of the authoritative shapes throughout my years. I can clearly state that change is a prime parameter within the domain of psychoanalysis as well as psychological field. This gets reflected in my opinion as an instance where I recognize the manager of the makeup company as my guide with the help of the use of change. I depict the coach as my guide because of the fact that the resemblances between them are eerie o r because of the fact that I am guided to think. My manager might be argued to be considerate, kind as well as understanding. Analysis of my manager resulted in inferring an ideal conclusion that these are several forms of changes where I have distinguished my manager just like my guide under the purview of change. The whole thought of

Facing Challenges at Death's Door Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Facing Challenges at Death's Door - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss some of the challenges that a dying patient, the patient’s family, and caregivers may face during the dying process and measures that I can take, as a caregiver, to address the challenges. Challenges for the dying patient and possible measures for addressing the challenges People who undergo natural death experience a process that precedes their death. The ultimate stage of death is sometimes defined for patients, especially those who suffer from chronic diseases. Lost hope among the patients may also present the perception that death is imminent and the patients begin to await their death. The time towards death and the exact time of death offer many challenges to patients and pain is one of the major challenges that patients face in the dying process. Most of the diseases that cause death destabilizes patient’s biological system and results in discomfort. Some diseases such as cancer are for example reported with extreme level of pain that patients have to endure as they await death. At advanced level of cancer, for example, there is a probability that 90 percent of patients suffer from extreme level of pain. Pain also induces other challenges to the patients and this identifies its significance. It also causes or moderates depression among patients and may even lead to suicide. Depression is another major challenge that dying patients face and majorly results from diseases with extreme levels of pain. At least 60 percent of cancer patients, for example, suffer from depression and a significant percentage of victims of the chronic disease, almost half, report cases of psychological disorder. Depression is common among dying patients because of its diverse causes that may range from pain, anxiety, neglect, and loss of control of life. Identified effects of depression, in healthy an unhealthy people, also identifies its significance as a challenge to dying patients. A study of diabetes mellitus patients, which can be in ferred to patients with other terminal illnesses and especially in their dying stages, established that depression has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life but dying patients needs a high quality of life as a measure to overcoming their pain and the reality of death. The high incidence of pain, depression and their dependence on other conditions that the patients face, and their effects on the patients’ condition identify pain and depression as the major challenges that dying patients face (Woo, Maytal and Stern, 2006; Eren, Erdi and Sahin, 2008). Maintaining hope in the patient’s life is the most suitable way for addressing the pain and depression issues. Treating the dying patient as though they do not suffer from terminal conditions, managing their pain, and offering emotional support is likely to develop the patients’ positive attitude and reduce their psychological pain. Effective care and strong relations with the patients can achieve such o ptimism. Some level of pain, such as in advanced stages of cancer my however fail to respond to such measures and a patient’s poor attitude towards the dying process may also undermine

Law of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of the European Union - Essay Example Competition law promotes and enhances competition in a given nation. This is because once they exist, different entrepreneurs have an equal chance to set up businesses that can compete with existing businesses. This is because in a nation with a jurisdiction that preserves competition laws, there is a good chance that more and more businesses can be opened up and this will provoke innovation and help businesses to seek the best results. Richard Whish stated that "As a general proposition competition law consists of rules that are intended to protect the process of competition in order to maximise consumer welfare"3. This statement suggests that competition law ultimately seeks to protect the best interests of consumers. This paper examines the validity of this assertion through the examination of European Union Law. As a background to the examination of consumer interests, the research will examine the key component of market structures. The paper then goes on to explore European Union law to identify how competition law attains the end of protecting consumers. Market structures examines some key components of competition from the point of view of economics. The basic assumption of market structures is that in every market, there are two dominant groups: buyers and sellers. Sellers are the entrepreneurs who produce goods and services for buyers. Sellers have a strong relationship with buyers because buyers provide revenue for sellers to remain productive and in business. So a basic assumption of this branch of economics is that the higher the price the higher the quantity produced4. Buyers on the other hand seek to spend the lowest amounts of money on goods and services. So there is a kind of conflict between buyers and sellers. Whereas buyers seek the lowest prices, sellers seek to get the highest amount of revenue from buyers. This is the basis of

SSSR Press Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SSSR Press Release - Essay Example The company was formed in 1996 to protect the scenic, aesthetic, recreational and wildlife values of the Santa Rita Mountains through education and outreach, including protection of the Santa Ritas from degradation due to mining activities. The SSSR always help people to protect the environment. They have successful cases previously. For example, in 2005 Augusta Resource, the SSSR found that Rosemont ranch was bought for a small mining company to dump their tailings and waste on public lands. They managed to find the manager to make the company stop damaging the environment. They achieved good result in this case that can make the organization more reliable. Tucson being at the mountains of Arizona will be affected since mining will be done in the mountains where water sources are found. This is the reason why the residents of South of Tucson condemn it in the strongest means possible. Residents of Tucson will experience economic downfall due to devastating effects of Rosemont mine. The supporters of the mining Augusta indicates that Rosemont mine has a good public relation with the residents of Tucson since the mining will be beneficial to the future generations of southern Arizona and improvement in economic stability of the area. The strong ethos makes the people to believe in the SSSR. For example, Tucson residents are known for their farming activities among other agricultural produce like rearing of livestock.. Within the Arizona region, there are wild animals that can make people have a look at the wonderful wildlife.

SCC Caf Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

SCC Caf Proposal - Essay Example The chapter begins with the invention of a proposal in which it discusses the factors to consider before creating a proposal. This it explains requires the identification of a need and possible solutions. By analyzing the solutions, it becomes possible for one to develop a realistic proposal that addresses the problem. Organizing and drafting a proposal is yet another vital chapter in the book that explains the structures of proposals and tools available to students to enable them to develop effective proposals. The authors maintain that the use of language is a major factor that affects the effectiveness and usability of proposals among other types of writings. The authors advise the use of simple sentence structure in order to enhance the communication. Use of jargons is advisable only when writing professional proposals since each profession has a set of jargons. Â  The chapter is indeed vital since it addresses the essential type of writing to both students and professionals. However, students are earners and therefore require a reliable point of reference. The chapter offers an effective reference since the authors of the book use simple language and a point-by-point explanation of the process of writing a proposal a feature that makes the book easy to use. Additionally, the authors use the various example just in order to enhance the learners’ comprehension of the facts and ideas they present in the book. The various illustrations in the chapter coupled with the descriptive language the authors use in the chapter are among the factors that enhance the usability of the chapter thus the book. Â  In retrospect, the chapter offers an effective and elaborate explanation of the topical issue. The authors try their best to develop an effective learning material targeting young learners.

Sports Promotion and Sales Management Assignment

Sports Promotion and Sales Management - Assignment Example Conversely, one ding on separate sales and service departments is that there may be problems with satisfying customers, when sales and service messages are not in congruence. For instance, service staff may deny something that a salesperson may have already given as a promise to a potential customer. Such headaches can mean loss of business. Some management and business gurus even recommend that the integration of sales and service departments go to the extreme, by positing that the best practice is one where the sales person and the service person are one and the same individual. This guarantees maximum customer satisfaction and optimal sales. On the other hand, there are many benefits to separate sales and service departments as well. By focusing on one or the other, the two departments are able to satisfy the specific needs of the customer. The specialization between sales and service also guarantees that the staff are in the best position to field either sales concerns or service concerns. When a customer contacts customer service, the focus is on satisfying customer needs, rather than selling. Vice-versa, during the sales process, the sales department staff have the best skills to close the sale, and the focus is not on customer service per se. This yields the best results for different organizations.There are also arguments relating to the contrary aims of sales and service staff, where the former is intent on closing the sale, and the service staff is intent on making sure that the customer is satisfied.

Marketing Manager of the PVT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing Manager of the PVT - Research Paper Example Thus, when it declines to list PVT among it best bidders, then there must a gross system or technological failure that Greg Morgan, the Solenergy’s chief electrical engineer noted from the electric equipment supplied to them by PVT. Morgan is portrayed as a competent person, especially in his judgments. Moreover, he has never misled Solenergy Company and its management in all matters left for him to deliberate upon thereby earning him the influence he has in the Solenergy development industry’s decision-making. Therefore, it will be pointless for the sales and marketing department of the PV Technologies, Inc. to peg their success on the personal relationship between Morgan and Salvatori. Apparently, the decision made from Morgan’s evaluation may not change based on the employee to employee relationship or business to business relationship but they can change on core values used as evaluating factors that led to the conclusion (Cespedes and Badame 05). From the understanding of the top management at the PV Technologies, PVT has been supplying reliable, durable, and efficient converters a fact that has not been confirmed by the customer, Solenergy in this evaluation. The evaluation parameters and the result are just but rumors that are yet to be confirmed to the PVT’s sale and marketing department or even to its executive. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that Morgan only pegged his evaluation on cost but not other factors that could be touching quality, efficiency, effectiveness, and durability. Moreover, it is apparent that PVT has been the main player in the market especially in the supply of electric converters. Since numerous players who have joined the same market, PVT must not assume that there are no other companies producing the same products, as in this case, converters with the same quality, durability, efficiency, and effectiveness and at lower costs than it thereby placing out of the  competition is.

Jacob Marley Essay Example for Free

Jacob Marley Essay This year the Citizens Theatre, which is a professional theatre, performed the well known pantomime Scrooge. I have been to the Citizens Theatre many times previous to seeing Scrooge. The Citizens Theatre is internationally recognized theatre with a proscenium arch stage and shows a variety of different plays, some very traditional and some very contemporary. As a child I was always amazed by the set and costumes used in the Citzs pantomimes, it seamed that no corners were cut. So with this in mind I expected, not so much of a panto, but more of a theatrical performance with great visuals and I would say I was correct to say this. I am fairly familiar with the pantomime Scrooge adapted from the Charles Dickens book A Christmas Carol as I have seen it in other theatres prior to this year at the Citz. The Citzs, I thought was maybe not as traditional as the other versions but it was equally, if not more so, entertaining. I went to the pantomime twice whilst it was on, first with my peers and then with young children. IT was very interesting to see how they both reacted. The Story of Scrooge is about a man called Ebenezer Scrooge, a wealthy business man full of greed counting every penny entering and parting his pocket. On Christmas Eve he is visited by the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley, who has come to warn Scrooge of what awaits him if he carries on with his greediness. That evening Scrooge is to be visited by the three ghosts of Christmas past, present and future. Firstly the ghost of Christmas past comes to show him of the happy times before his self-inflicted loneliness caused by his greed, as a child and as a young man. Then the ghost Christmas present shows Scrooge the Cratchit family. The Cratchit family is very poor and consists of Bob Cratchit, Scrooges employee, his wife and their four children including their son Tiny Tim who is extremely ill. Scrooge is forced to realize that all the people around his fine it difficult to speak well of him. The ghost of Christmas future tells scrooge nothing but shows him of his death burdening all the people around him with the greed he left behind as they celebrate his death. Seeing this awful future that he himself could be creating, Scrooge decides to change for the better, rewarding workers with a pay rise and giving money to charity he had previously changed and donating a rich Christmas feast to the Cratchit family. The quality of the set was amazing as it was very grand and the size of the stage meant that the set could be quite big without being pretentious. All around the stage is painted Scrooges favorite phrase Bah Humbug in italic writing. At first there was just an office set up with a window through which you could see all the Characters entering the scene, I thought that this made the action more realistic and was quite interesting. The window was also used for carol singers and the audience could just faintly hear then which made it feel like you were actually in the office. When Scrooge goes home the office wall is raised to reveal a whole new set which is even more spectacular. A set of stone stairs lead up to Scrooges bedroom, luxuriously decorated compared to his office that is on a 15 foot tall platform. The most exciting part of the set was when Christmas present arrives with his set, a whole new room painted red into which he is camouflaged, just rolling on moving Scrooges room away. This room is decorated with lots of Christmas decorations. The one prop used by Scrooge a lot was a light bulb which showed how grudging he was because he would remove it with such care whenever leaving the room. Obviously the main character in the play was Ebenezer scrooge. He was an old, selfish, grumpy, bitter old man. We could tell this by his facial expressions that were always very twisted. Although dressed in a suite his long scraggly hair and unshaven face showed that he wasnt all that concerned with his appearance. This rugged look indicated his age as well as his movement which was hunched over and slow. At the end however we see a very different scrooge that stands up tall with his head in the air to show his confidence has been gained and he is proud of his changes. I think this couldve been shown by making a greater contrast as I didnt think the change in Scrooge was very dramatic. At the end of the play we are made aware that Scrooge does care about the people around him. He may have realized in a selfish manner, but he changed before it was too late which is what matters, leaving us with a fairy tale ending. I think one of the most dramatic characters in the play has to have been Jacob Marley, Scrooges deceased business partner. He appears from the floor when Scrooges light suddenly cuts out. His costume is amazing with a death gown shredded with blood smeared across it to signify that he is dead and has been tortured for his sinful life. Although impressive, Jacob Marleys entrance was quite alarming and younger children found it quite scary, especially along with the chains on his wrists and ankles acting as the chains binding him to hell. Compared the quietness of the room before, this huge explosion of noise is very effective. He comes to warn scrooge and is desperate to get the message to him, we can tell this by the way in which he attempts to get closer to him but the chains stop him, there is also wind blowing against him stopping him making contact with Scrooge.

What Factors Influence Uk Voting Behaviour Politics Essay

What Factors Influence Uk Voting Behaviour Politics Essay Voting behavior is the Psychological way of saying how people decide to vote in elections. Although voting is an individual act, it does not take place in isolation. Votes are influenced by a host of factors. These factors can be put in to two main groups. There are sociological factors which is called long-term factors looking at how people vote. Also political factors which is called short-term factors which focuses on the way people vote in general elections. psephologists have discovered various of theories to explain the factors that influence voting behavior in general elections. There are evidence which shows fewer people identify with a stronger party compare to 40 years ago. Elections are becoming more volatile. The 1997 General Election was apolitical Earthquake, which swigged of over 10 percent from Conservative to Labour. Long-term factors Class de-alignment plays a significant importance in voting behavior. Class de-alignment have long been the most significant influence on voting behavior in Britain. Historically, Labour always been a working-class party and Conservative was richer and middle-class party. A weakening relationship between social class and party support has been evident for some years now.   The evidence supporting the class de-alignment thesis may be seen in the fall of the majority voting for their natural class. In their classic study Butler and Stokes (1974) showed that between 1945-1970 Conservative regularly gained four-fifth of middle-class vote and Labour three-fifth of working-class vote. After 1970s these margins fell to Conservative three- fifth and Labour one-half. Less than half of the people voted with their party-class compare to second period. Political scientists such as (Crew 1977) have argued that the link between occupational class and party preference at election times has dimini shed. It is also linked to changes in social class itself. People are now less easily identifiable in class terms. According to Heath (1985) there was no evidence that there had been a fall in working-class loyalty to the Labour party. Rather, the overall decline in the Labour vote reflected a reduction of the size of the working-class as a whole. However, Curtice (1997) rejected Heaths study and claimed that survey indicates that increase in Labours support were fairly evenly spread across the different classes. He stated the rise in Labours support compared with 1992 was more or less the same in each social grade. The differences between the social grades were largely the same in 1997 as in 1992. Rather than being accompanied by the emergence of some long-lost relationship between class and vote, Labours 1997 victory appears to have done little to disturb the relationship between class and vote. Ethnicity is seen as a factor in voting behavior.   This is largely because ethnic minorities account for only 5% of votes.   However, even among the Blacks and Asians in the U.Ks, there is an emerging pattern. The 1997 election demonstrated that 70% of Asians and 86% of Blacks voted for Labour compared to the 25% of Asians and 85% of Blacks who voted for the Conservatives. A reason behind this could be that a large number of ethnic minorities are in low paid jobs which back the reasons to why their needs would suit Labours political policies. With regard to age differences in voting, Labour has done particularly well among voters the age of 30, 28 percent lead over the Conservatives in 1945 and 16 percent lead in 1974. Whereas, Conservatives has done well among the middle age (50-65) leading 18 percent in 1950 and 23 percent in 1974. It has been traditionally argued that women were more likely than men to vote Conservative and less likely than men to vote Labour. Party identification or (partisan alignment) party identification is clearly linked with some of the long-term factors connected with voting behavior. People in particular social class will be aligned to the political party which they identify as being the one which has the interests of their class at heart. In recent decades we have seen clear evidence of partisan de-alignments this means that fewer voters are strongly attached to a political party the emotional bond of loyalty between voter and their party is in decline implying that the electorate is becoming more volatile in its voting behaviour and more likely to adopt a judgemental approach before casting a vote. Short-term factors Issues and values it seems altogether that voters should look at issues and values of the political parties they are voting for. Over the last 15 years political issues has clearly grown.   For example, in 1992 the Conservatives were seen to be the strongest party due to their involvement in defense, taxation, prices and inflation issues, ultimately this shows why they won the election.   However, it is evident that in 1997 Labour maintained the highest success rate because their policies were based on the NHS, unemployment, education, taxation and relations with Europe which resulted in Labour gaining power.   Therefore, the evidence suggest that there is a significant link between party policies and voting behavior. Party leader one thing which will influence voters when it comes to vote is the personality of the person who stands for election. There are two aspects of this, first, the personality of the party leader may count as one of the policy issues on which the consumer-voter bases his/her vote at a general elections. People want their country run by someone who is honest, reliable, clever, eloquent, strong and also good at talking to others. Wilson remained more popular than Heath in 1970, but still lost. Callaghan was preferred to Thatcher as prime minister by the margin of 44 percent to 33 percent in 1979, but it was the Conservatives led by Thatcher that decisively won the election. In 1992 Major was perceived to be better than Kinnock and won, while in 1997 Major was perceived to as worse than Blair and lost. This is the evidence to say that this factor in voting behaviour has grown in recent years with the increased media focus on party leaders and the growth of presidentialism. (Lea ch 2006). Party image an image may in some ways be very close to old-fashioned ideology, repackaged for the modern world. The image will consist of a sense of what the party stand for, or which principle lie behind what it aims to achieve in power. Labour was successful under Tony Blair in putting across a clear image. It became New Labour modern and young. It was sober and sensible in economic terms, but also caring and compassionate on the social front. In 1997 and 2001 Conservatives could not shake off a negative image, old fashioned, faintly bigoted, sleazy and obsessive. In 2005 Conservatives were beginning to change their image partly because Labour was developing some of these traits itself. (Holmes 2008)

Is Scientology Dangerous?

Is Scientology Dangerous? A religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious. Scientology was made up by L. Ron Hubbard, a man who wanted to create a practical religion for all races, color, and gender. He believed this as a route to previously unimagined spiritual heights (scientology.org). Scientologists believe highly in reincarnation and that their spirits are immortal and flow through to every new person when they die. L. Ron Hubbard is a man who created this cult to liberate the human soul or thetan; a word derived from the Greek letter theta. Hubbard is a god to the people who believe in him. People who are in Scientology are more brain washed than the celebrities in Hollywood. The only difference is that the people in Scientology are the people in Hollywood. Scientology is a cult based on one mans crude version of reality. Scientology is classified as a cult in most peoples minds because of their strict rules and unorthodox ways of going about things. It is considered a cult because people are treated badly and are harassed if they dont agree with a rule. There are cases of very unorthodox forms of repenting in the Church of Scientology. People have stated that when they were under the belief of Scientology they were told that everything bad that has happened to them is all their fault and they have to make up for it by spreading awareness of Scientology so they can help others atone for everything. The journalist Joel Sappell reported that in his 5 year study of the Church of Scientology, The tip of the spear, that his dog appeared to be having seizure from which the vet couldnt determine the cause of. This comes after he had previously reported on a Scientology related civil trial. Soon after it died, Sappell received a call from Supreme Court judge Ronald Swearinger(Sappell) who called claiming to h ave. Even though Sappell had never previously spoken to this man they both had something in common. Swearingers dog has been drowned, which made him very concerned since his beloved collie would never go near the water on his own(Sappell). Sappell states that people had warned him to keep an eye on pets(Sappell) while he and a colleague, only named in the article as Bob, left town to keep their heads low while theyre investigating the church. Maybe it was coincidence many highly suspect the church targets peoples pets since so many people have reported that their animals suddenly die or disappear when they speak openly about the misgivings of the church. The current leader of Scientology is David Miscavige who is also in command of the Sea Org or The Sea Organization which is a odd mixture of military and corporate managementwith staff members living in army-like conditions (exscientologykids.com). They have such unorthodox ways of going about their religion that they restrict peopl e from having children while working for Sea Org. If you get pregnant you are either pressured to abort the baby or you must leave.(exscientologykids.com) Cover ups and pay offs may be the reason they are never caught for their bad deeds. Scientology really challenges the meaning of church and it should never be called one and only be considered a cult. In May of 2010, another case was opened about child sex abuse allegations. Of the people putting out these accusations was the daughter of the president of the church in Australia (New Zealand Herald, pg.19). This goes to show that even the people of the highest standings have come forward and spoke against the church. Many reported claims of forced abortions, imprisonment,(New Zealand Herald, pg.19) and disconnection. The strict policies of Scientology and the impact on the people who follow this belief system are in some ways both corrupted by the thoughts of Hubbard. In an interview from April 2016, the parents of two followers of the Church of Scientology, Phil and Willie Jones, begged for their children to come forward and speak to them again. Claiming that the last time they spoke to Michael, the son who they claim was stolen from them by Scientology after the church deemed them as suppressive people, was two years ago.(Gadi Schwartz) After being blocked twice from putting up a billboard to get their childrens attention in Hollywood they finally found a site where they could unveil their sign. Other parents who were excommunicated from the church or were forcefully disconnected from their families came to support the Jones family. A lot of cases against Scientology have to do with freedom of speech. Written in the Constitution, freedom of speech has given the people of the United States the f reedom to speak freely. Scientology has found a way to squash and subdue the first amendment. Hubbard created his own version called Fair Game. This policy forces all believers to ignore moral and ethical tenets (Jose Liy). Hubbard let his followers harass people until it became bigger than it seemed. Thus forcing him to claim that followers harassing and breaking laws were misguided and misunderstood(Jose Liy). If everyone who harassed people for not believing in the same things as them were just brushed off as misguided and misunderstood then there would be no such thing as religious fanatics. They go as far as pulling South Park, a Comedy Central show, off the air because it poked fun at Scientology. Tons of religions are made fun of or joked about on different TV shows and/or movies, but since Scientology is a bigger deal in Hollywood they could not take the chances of looking silly in front of their peers. Yet other actual religions are more made fun of than Scientology wants t o maintain their scary appearance and keep people second guessing them. Disconnection is a very common thing in Scientology. When you are labeled as suppressive you are not allowed to speak too your family. From an article in which the people affected by disconnection told their story and still remained scientology loyal. In this article the names were changed to keep the people safe. Mary was raised in Scientology(leavingscientology.wordpress.com) by her dad Sam who is a dedicated Scientologist(leavingscientology.wordpress.com) and joined Sea Org along with her brother. One day Sam found out Mary was labeled as a suppressive person because she messed up a operation at Sea Org. Sam worried about her being disconnected and knew he had to disconnect from her since it is a policy. Even though Scientology insist that Disconnection does not exist (exscientologykids.com/disconnection) yet it seems to pop up more often. Since Sam cannot speak to Mary until she gets her good standing back he branches off and commits the crime of contacting Ex-Scientologists. Whe n Mary started to consider a lawsuit, the church offered her a deal if Mary would shut up about the abuses, and agree not to be part of any lawsuit, then her SP declare would be lifted (leavingscientology.wordpress.com). Fearing for his daughters safety Sam researched some ex-scientologists who were not named and learned their stories. Mary did not want to be disconnected and they told her that dads betrayal will be forgiven as well as hers. Mary signed. She gave in and let them take her back out of fear and possible loneliness. There are different arguments for disconnection. Some are pro, some are con. From the families of disconnection the arguments are con, yet for Scientologist it is considered likewise to excommunication. Even though excommunicated people are not permitted to take any of the sacraments or receive blessings, their families and friends are not pressured to abandon them (exscientologykids.com). Scientology may deny disconnection, but it is one of the worst kind o f excommunication since it does not only focus on disconnecting the person considered a suppressive person; it pushes the family to go as far as never speaking to the person again or disowning them. Not claiming a son as their own or thinking of a father as someone who helped in the process of your creation. In conclusion, Scientology may not be the average sacrificial virgin cult, but it is in fact a dangerous cult. Modern society needs to be more aware of Scientologys rule over people. Since the media down plays Scientology as something to poke fun at no one really questions Scientologists. If asked many people would probably not even know what Scientology is. Instead of answers you will receive questions likewise to is that science? or is that something to do with biology? Younger people are more unaware of Scientology than some may think. Unless they follow people like Leah Remini or watch shows like South Park and learn how Scientology messes with people in real life. Some things that will make people actually think, what really is Scientology? Once society realizes the dangers of Scientology then the numbers of Scientologists possibly will fall and people will feel safer because they will not be a radical threat anymore. Scientology is a cult and a lot of innocent people are unawar e of what they are walking into. Works Cited Abuse? In My Church? Leaving Scientology, WordPress , 10 Apr. 2011, leavingscientology.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/abuse-in-my-church/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. COLUMN: Church of Scientology Infringes upon Right of Free Speech. U-Wire, 2006. Educators Reference Complete, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALE|A148688058asid=9d53a7cdb20653018d927a5954846b7e. Accessed 2017. Disconnection as Spiritual Blackmail. Leaving Scientology, WordPress, 10 Apr. 2011, leavingscientology.wordpress.com/2009/07/16/disconnection-as-spiritual-blackmail/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. Disconnection. ExScientology Kids, SkyHawk Studios, exscientologykids.com/disconnection/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology Founder Biography Quotes. Scientology, Church of Scientology International, www.scientology.org/l-ron-hubbard/?video-play=lrh_bio. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. Ross, Rick. What Makes a Cult? | Rick Ross. Cif Belief, Guardian News and Media, 27 May 2009, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/27/cults-definition-religion. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. Sappell, Joel. The Tip of the Spear. Los Angeles Magazine, 2013, p. 88. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALE|A314716972asid=ed39321a51f5fc8ae69e80246fe380a2. Accessed 2017. Sea Org. ExScientology Kids, SkyHawk Studios, exscientologykids.com/sea-org-2/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017. This Family Has Tried Nearly Everything Just to Reach Their Son and Daughter in the Church of Scientology. Today, July 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALE|A448889575asid=a7b812f9b7a31c5d0b16388a69d2e982. Accessed 2017.

Patriarchy in India, China, Greece and Rome Essay -- Sociology, Classi

Most classical society’s political and social organization revolved around the idea of patriarchy, a male dominated social system. This system exacerbated the inherit difference between men and woman and assigned gender roles based on these observations. Men were generally regarded as superior to woman therefore given greater religious and political roles as well as more legal rights. As the natural inverse, women were subordinated and seen as week; their main roles reproductive and domestic. Information about patriarchy in the classical era, though abundant, was, for the most part, written by men, therefore history does not give us an accurate depiction of women’s viewpoints. Four societies of the classical era, India, China, Greece, and Rome, adopted a patriarchal system, however, due to many factors, each developed identifiable characteristics. Because they did not have a traditional role in government, women had work their way around the system to gain any type of political leverage. Empress Lu violated every cultural and social norm by retaining power as a regent throughout the reins of her son, grandson and adopted grandson. Tradidtionaly regents ruled from behind the scenes while the emperor himself was unable to make decisions, usualy due to age or heath complications, however Empress Lu eradicated any competitors for the thrown. As the end of her reign was nearing, she expected her nephews to succeed her. Even as the first empress, not unfamiliar with disrupting tradition, she left the emperorship to the next male in her bloodline (Doc. 5) not a female. Though Empress Lu defied all expectations of women, her power as an Empress was still undisputed due to the Mandate of Heaven, an idea originating in the Shang dynasty.... ...c. 4). This is an example of one of the seven unequal relationships in Confucianism. Much of the social structure of classical China was based on Confucian ideals (Doc. 3). In Greece the relationship between a husband and wife also very unequal due to her young age and lack of education. Alone a woman had no political rights and limited legal powers therefore is was necessary for a husband to provide for his wife much like a father would (Doc. 6) A woman would learn house hold management and eventually produce heirs. These two similar systems of social roles was not a benevolent system. It did not take into account the welfare of individuals, particularly woman who had little power to leave in a bad marital situation. However by insuring that people know their place, which kept them in line, classical societies were more prosperous and able to run more smoothly.

Essay --

Antigone is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles. Antigone finds out that her brothers Polyneices and Eteocles are dead after killing each other. Antigone decides to bury Polyneices and asks her sister Ismene to help her but she refuses. The Creon, the king of Thebes, refuses to bury Polyneices because of going against the state, while his brother is to be buried in honor because he fought for his state and did what he is supposed to do. So he orders for no one to bury Polyneices. Antigone buries her brother but is caught. Creon sentences her to death for disobeying. After a while and being convinced, he decides to let her go. But before he is able to release Antigone, he finds out that she with both his son Haimon and his wife have killed themselves. A tragic hero should be someone who causes their own downfall and disgrace. By using their greatest weakness without noticing their own errors. But until the biggest catastrophe results, they recognize their wrong judging and all they h ave caused. A sympathetic character is the character that the reader can relate to and understand what they are going through. The character that the reader feels sympathy to and concerned about because they have a sad destiny. Also someone who we later tend to admire for what they have done and dealt with it. Antigone is the most sympathetic character because she cannot do anything about her suffering and what she is going through, while Creon is the tragic hero because he uses his own pride that destroys his own power and life. Creon is the tragic hero because he uses his weakness pride to be looked as a great ruler and try to ignore his wrong judgment. But this makes it worse and causes something he does not want to expect. Creon expects that no o... ...e because even if he has much power as king can have, he is insecure when it comes to choices. He does not have a side where the audience can see he cares, but instead he has self-importance and shows no pity because he is doing his own life. Antigone shows all she has got and takes risks on what she thinks is right out of love. While Creon just care for himself and actually ignores what he is doing right. Having pride as a king leads to destroying his own power. But Antigone is the sympathetic character more than Creon because her life has a fate already planned and cannot do anything about it so instead she defends her beliefs for other people and what they deserve. Creon just has pride with what he is doing to his own family and people to be seen as the best. If there is no knowledge on something done, this could result on causing one’s own destruction of life.

The Darkness and Lightness of Choices :: Essays Papers

The Darkness and Lightness of Choices James Joyce has used his writing of Dubliners to clearly represent the aspects of the real life happenings in Ireland. In his writings, he uses many techniques that allow his audience to find constant themes. In stories such as â€Å"A Little Cloud† and â€Å"The Dead† these themes allow the audience to grasp Joyce’s reasoning and hard message to the Irish people. In Joyce’s Dubliners the light and darkness of the story reflects choices made by the characters. In â€Å"A Little Cloud†, the main character, Little Chandler, chooses to have a wife, and lead a responsible, family oriented life. This is a distinct reflection of a â€Å"light† in his life. â€Å"A little lamp with a white china shade stood upon the table and its light fell over a photograph which was enclosed in a frame of crumpled horn.† (78) Joyce uses the concept of light, when images of Little Chandler’s wife are present in the story. This is another symbolic message presented by Joyce. â€Å"Why had he married the eyes in the photograph?†( 78). The idea of family is important to Chandler, but he begins to question its value upon a visit from his old friend. Like in many other stories by Joyce, light represents something important and good that go hand in hand with the choices made. In this narration, the wife represents a life of success, a success that is achieved through responsible decisions and dedication. In a similar instance, the wife in â€Å"The Dead† also represents similar ideas. Even though Gretta had had a rocky past and demonstrates darkness, her choice to marry Gabriel is another image of light. During the process of the story, many secrets from the past are revealed about Gretta’s past. After listening to the songs of the evening Gretta’s character is portrayed as a very sad women. There was grace and mystery in her attitude as if she were a symbol of something. He asked himself what is a woman standing on the stairs in the shadow, listening to distant music, a symbol of.

The Importance of Learning Organization

L & D Assignment 2: The Importance of Learning Organization A learning organization works with ideas i. e. it comes up with new ideas on all levels, disseminates these new ideas across the organization and finally inculcates these new ideas into operations by embedding them in its policies processes and reviews. It has structured mechanisms and processes put in place to generate knowledge and it takes this new knowledge as a basis of responding to the change in its business environment. A learning organization as per its formal definition is skilled at two things which are as follows: a. Creating, acquiring, interpreting, transferring and retaining knowledge which is relevant to its business processes for enable it to achieve its business objective in an efficient manner. b. ) Acting or modifying its behaviour as an organization to respond to that new knowledge and insights. To be a successful organization one must monitor its processes and make sure that they are efficient. A learni ng organization observes its business processes and learns where it is efficient and where it is not.It encourages organizations to shift to a more interconnected way of thinking. A learning organization has five main features; systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision and team learning. In the article â€Å"Is yours a learning organization† the authors David Garvin and Amy Edmondson described the three building blocks of learning which fosters the creation of a learning organization which are as follows: a. ) A supportive learning environment b. ) A concrete learning processes and practices c. Leadership that reinforces learning Importance of learning organization in current business context: Ray Stata, the confounder and chairman of the board of Analog Devices once quoted â€Å"The rate at which organizations learn may become the only sustainable source of competitive advantage. † In highly competitive current business scenario products and ser vices can easily be copied or emulated by the competitors. Even processes can be copied for example Six sigma is easily available and accessible to anyone for implementation.Thus the only source of sustainable competitive advantage for any organization is rapid pace of learning and the execution of this new knowledge in its internal processes. Furthermore, the current business environment is evolving at a very rapid pace due to globalization, deregulation and evolution of new business paradigms. As an organization the only way to survive and compete in this business environment is to have a rate of learning which is greater than this rate of change of the business environment. Barriers in being a learning organization: The idea of a learning organization is been around for quite some time.The discussion about the learning organization has been around for almost 4 decades but there were certain shortcomings and limitations of in these ideas of learning organizations. As a result of w hich these ideas have failed to bring about little concrete change as they should have. Firstly, the fundamental fallacies with these initial ideas were that they were abstract concepts without concrete prescriptions for actions for the organizations. For an organization to be able to change, it needs to know the steps necessary to solve the problems it faces.Secondly, these initial concepts of learning organization were aimed at the top managements of the organization without including the middle level managers. These managers heading divisions, departments and projects where the real critical work of the organization happens. Their inclusion was very necessary because these are the people who are primarily responsible for generation of business intelligence at the operational level. Thirdly, there was real lack or standards or tools through which the managers can assess how well they were doing on being a learning organization. An Ideal learning organization:The concept of perfect ion is in itself elusive as no individual or organization cannot ever claim to be perfect no matter how good they are. However, the one organization which comes very close to becoming a ideal learning organization is General Electric (GE). Infact, In his last letter to the shareholders Jack Welch wrote that I finally understand why we as an organization are so successful. The reason is that we are an learning organization. They have all three building blocks (processes, environment and leadership) which is prerequisite to become a successful learning organization. Role of management in building Learning Organization:Managers can help their teams have a supportive learning environment. In particular, the concept of psychological safety where the perceive that the workplace environment one that is comfortable for asking questions, making mistakes and floating of new ideas related their job role responsibilities. Basically, the managers facilitate the creation of a workplace environmen t which is conducive to taking personal risks by the employees that it is absolutely essential for learning. The managers should make conscious efforts to help people be comfortable with the risks which are present in the workplace today.So that the employees can engage in the learning processes without fear. Apart from a supportive learning environment the managers can also put in place concrete processes and procedures for experimentation, sharing knowledge and best practices across the organization and ways of reflecting on what we have learned from past expierence. Each of these are systematic processes where companies generate ideas, respond to new knowledge and reflect on what they have already learnt. In some organisations a lack of a learning culture can be a barrier to learning.An environment must be created where individuals can share learning without it being devalued and ignored, so more people can benefit from their knowledge and the individuals becomes empowered. A lea rning organization needs to fully accept the removal of traditional hierarchical structures. As a manager the most ideal way to start implementation of the concept of Learning organization in its organization is to start within his/her own department by modelling the behaviours of learning himself like showing curiosity, asking a questions and laying emphasis on disruptive innovation.This kind of leadership at department levels creates the environment where more structured kind of processes to build a learning organization can take form. References: 1. ) Garvin, David A. â€Å"Building a learning organization. † Harvard Business Review (1993). 2. ) Garvin, David A. , Amy C. Edmondson, and Francesca Gino. â€Å"Is yours a learning organization. † Harvard Business Review (2008). 3. ) Darling, Marilyn, Charles Parry, and Joseph Moore. â€Å"Learning in the thick of it. † Harvard Business Review (2005).

Being a Rich and Fabulous CEO Essay

CIMB Wealth Advisors (CWA) was incorporated in 1990. Since then, they have becoming among the top ranking in the wealth management and financial service industry. It provides a complete financial system with comprehensive solutions for wealth management for their client. On June 6 2013, CWA team successfully carried out a career talk for the student of INTI International University & College, Subang Jaya. Everyone can take part in this career talk especially to those who taking business course. The talk started at about 2:30pm with the master of ceremonies by one of our college student. She gave us a short background of the talk later. The MC then introduced the Vice president of CWA, John Lau. He started to explain to us the topic of the talk. The title of the talk was â€Å"Being a Rich and Fabulous CEO†. The purpose that having this talk with everyone is telling us the way and tips to become a successful CEO although just a normal business man. Firstly, he explain to us what’s CWA helping to us. He also let us know how much income that every level class of worker or manager earning every year. Beside that, he told us need to set a goal for our future. Instead, he let us know what attitude and personality that every successful person that must have. For example, do not order others people doing something else, but the best one is listens to the comment or feedback and do something on it. Every successful CEO or leader must listen to others in order to let other people to listen on you. Become a CEO was a dream of every human, but dream without action, dreams still remains dreams. The speech was finish in 35mins. After that, we having the â€Å"role playing game†. We separated to few small groups. The rules was create a new company with one CEO. CEO must be chosen in one of us inside the group. Then, we have to create a new plan for our company. Beside of that, the plan must be persuade the judges to sign up for our plan. The power of teamwork has shown when we giving our best idea to each other. The ability and the spirit of leadership are important for group or maybe a company. This talk help us a lot in what are the ways we need to do when we graduated and also planning our future from now on. There is no such thing as a free lunch, so we must start from the low.

Environmental economics Essay

Studies by economists suggest that markets become unproductive as external effects of electricity exploration, global warming and acidic rain water becomes rampant. Previous economic research and analysis overlooked this concept. Externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell. Various forms of government intercession in the allotment of public goods, services and peripheral costs and benefits result in market failure (Pearce 41). The formation of property rights, conventions and market based taxes and subsidies change the marginal costs and benefits of a market. Introduction This study defines environmental economics as aspects of economics focused on environmental subjects. Externality is pointed out as a circumstance in which a private economy is deficient in incentives to create a prospective market in some good and the absence of these market consequences in the loss of effectiveness (Crocker and Rogers 67). Externality exists when an individual makes a preference that influences other persons that are not financially credited for in the market value. Economic externality is presented on every occasion the well-being of a person is shaped by the economic behaviors of others exclusive of fastidious notice to the welfare of that person. Market failure will imply that markets fall short to assign resources proficiently. This market failure takes place when the market does not allot limited resources like water and electricity to produce the utmost social wellbeing. Studies indicates that lodge subsist between what a specific individual does bestowed with market prices and what society expect the person to do to care for the environment. This lodge means profligacy, economic incompetence and resource allocation make, as a minimum, an individual more contented while making someone else worse off. Widespread types of market failure consist of externalities, non excludability and non contention. The environment has developed into a scarce resource. This facilitates economics to deal with scarce resources as well as environmental troubles. Economics makes sure that the marginal costs and the marginal benefits of environmental actions are proportionate. Estimation of these marginal costs and benefits pose a challenge as demand arises before environmental laws, regulations and policies are determined on a society level. Research shows economic and environmental aims are recognized as being incongruous. Choice has to be made between one another since they can not be reached concomitantly (Crocker and Rogers 67). For instance, externalities spawned in a localized area are restricted to this place and may brim over to further jurisdiction. Moreover, local governments may be well-versed about regulating use of electricity and prevention of water pollution in their jurisdiction. They accomplish these missions without minding the special effects of their proceedings of other jurisdictions. The continuation of locally-generated waste discharge impinges on the proper assignment of both costs and tax errands amongst altitudes of government. The study shows that local government can neither create nor address the externality. The examination of the connotation of decentralization for devising of counteractive policies is outlined (Crocker and Rogers 67). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. Economic effectiveness obliges that taxes and subsidies are appropriate to internalize either external marginal costs or benefits. Products such as timber that causes widespread deforestation leading to destruction of water catchments should be differentially tariffed to stop expanding environmental externalities. The scale of tariffs necessary to offset the anticipated environmental dent is ever increasing. Services rooted at environmental conservation, use of electrical energy as opposed to coal, should be used as instances of positive externalities and be focus to a subvention. Smog-related diseases like bronchitis and asthma are linked to emissions of carbon dioxides from coal-burning factories (Seneca and Taussig 12). This ill health has far above the ground management costs that are not included in the electricity-use industries. Various environmental tribulations start from externalities of energy manufacture, distribution and utilization. Water pollution, global warming and acid rain are result from discharge of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides coming from burning of fossil fuels. It is shown that oil spills, oil and gas drilling, coal mining and underground storeroom for oil and gasoline lead to marine dilapidation, wildlife obliteration and inaccessibility of quality of fresh water. The nuclear power industry together with desertification is ascribed to the current global warming. These negative externalities have sturdy socioeconomic and environmental welfare outcomes. Since market services establish a great deal of energy production and consumption, allied externalities are outside the capability of the market to determine. Consider how markets assign resources like energy capably. Figure 1a demonstrates a representative stipulate and supply diagram for a commodity (e. g. , coal) or service. In support of lots of goods, the demand curve mirrors marginal private benefit and the supply curve replicates marginal private cost, because merchandise are created and used privately. The marginal benefit curve, being downward-sloping, reveals that populace disburses less for extra units of commodities as they use more of them. The marginal benefit curve indicates people’s readiness to reimburse for commodities, hence the downward slope implies as the price of the commodities drops off, people are agreeable to buy more of them. This curve illustrates the quantity of a good that is required at each price. Correspondingly, the marginal cost curve shows the quantity that is produced per price. The upward slope of the marginal cost curve replicate rising costs of manufacture as well as the willingness of producers to avail supplementary goods at superior prices. Figure 1. The regions beneath the curves correspond to benefits from consumption, and costs of production, of an article of trade. Benefits and costs swell as more of the good or services is consumed and produced in that order. The benefits become higher than costs till the spot where Marginal Private Benefits contemporaries Marginal Private Costs, after that, costs become higher. As a result, disposable private benefits are capitalized when Marginal Private benefits contemporaries Marginal Private Costs, with Q units of the commodity are required and supplied at a cost of P. The region surrounded by triangle ABC in Figure 1a stands for greatest net private benefits. The diagram shows that Social Net Benefits are exploited when Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Private Costs are very similar to Marginal Social Benefits and Marginal Social Cost, in that order. This implies markets proficiently apportion resources to attain this result. Market failure results every time deviation subsists between Marginal Private Costs and Marginal Social Costs, and between Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Social Benefits. Research based on economics show that market failure is caused by externalities, imperfect markets, incomplete markets, public goods among others. It has been noted that social net benefits have to be used in taking into account how energy externalities inflict costs on society. Basing on the example above, private market forces encourage manufacture and use of Q units at a price of P and social net benefits are capitalized on at a point where Marginal Social Benefits are similar to Marginal Social Costs with manufacture of Q* units at a price of P*. From Figures 1b and 1c, greatest achievable social net benefits are characterized by triangles ABG and ABF, in that order. Market manufacture and use of Q units give social net benefits similar to region ABG a smaller region GCD in Figure 1b and region ABF not as much of region ECF in Figure 1c. Therefore externalities inflict costs on society by create impossibility to achieve greatest social net benefits. Negative externality like energy-relayed pollution entails private market production of a great deal of energy and pollution can be depicted by Figure 1b. Likewise, positive externality like tree planting enrichment by carbon dioxide release from the burning of fossil fuels entails that excessively tiny energy is produced can be shown by Figure 1c. This cases show that the market price for energy is very low. In truth, the preeminent representation of energy externalities would be that of Figure 1b, this is because pollution special effects overshadow the growing of trees hence the ensuing external result of energy manufacture and use is negative. The resolution to the tribulations created by energy externalities is to make the external internal, so as the external costs and benefits are built-in in the business and further behavior involved in the manufacture and use of energy. The behaviors like public policy which make use of a tax to elevate energy prices and control energy making to socially sought-after levels would resolve energy externality tribulations. Energy is a significant issue of production. Policies that influence energy price and quantity in the end shape the whole economy. Discussion From the analysis, the tribulations that energy externalities showed were actually made complex by factors like energy effluence, market failure concerns and unsuitable government intercession. It is only theoretical to internalize the externalities of air pollution and release that lead to global warming. Motionless power plants are bulky and not many (Hackett 280). They are run by proficient directors who most of the time presents undemanding local effluence patterns. On the other hand, mobile power plant sources of pollution are copious, run by persons and confuse local effluence outlines. Impurities build up in the environment have an effect on prospect generations, bring in intergenerational impartiality problems and problems (Tisdell 36). This is evidenced by excess carbon dioxide releases in the air causing global warming. Although carbon dioxide is linked to sharp increase in global warming and gradual changes in climate, it does not contribute to market and external marginal costs and benefits. Conclusion The study shows that the effect of energy pollutants on the environment can be confined to restricted, regional or even international area. As these regions of influence of pollutants enlarge beyond local borders, the political intricacy of taking on and putting into practice control procedures are compounded. Concerning level of pollution, Carbon dioxide effluence policy necessitates international support while sulfur oxide policies call for nationwide policy. Countries like United States employs use of a program to trade sulfur discharge while Japan taxes sulfur oxides, yet there little advancement in international effort to have power over carbon dioxide. Most of rising nations dread to involve themselves in carbon dioxide release reduction programs as they believe it will hold back their economic growth. The research indicates that the challenges facing energy externalities include the natural history of energy pollutant, uncertainty and dimension issue, income allotment, intergenerational impartiality, economic progress among others (Tisdell 36). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. A final observation is that externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell.

Sannu’s Story

Unit 8. Case Study 1. Sannu’s Story Sannu has contracted Leprosy. As a sixteen year old teenager, it is hard to pin point when he was infected since Leprosy has a long incubation period. As a small boy traveling barefoot along trails in his village, Sannu’s body has already adapted to his living conditions. Sannu’s feet are tough and calloused. As Sannu ages, so does his Leprosy infection progress. The infection will cause neuropathy in his extremities which will lead to many injuries to his feet and hands. The wounds acquired will be infected for weeks or even months without treatment.The neuropathy caused by the Leprosy infection is characterized by causing a decrease in sensation in the extremities, muscle weakness, and numbness. Sannu’s feet that have been toughened by his environment and life style have been further injured due to lack of sensation and medical treatment. In an attempt to keep his feet clean to aide the healing of his infections, Sannu is more than likely maintaining a sedentary life style. This life style along with the progression of the Leprosy infection will weaken Sannu’s muscles. A feature common to all forms of Leprosy is nerve infection.Nerve damage appears to result from the multiplication of bacilli within Schwann cells and damage to the perineurium. Most of the deformities occurring from Leprosy are in fact due to trauma or a secondary infection. In a Leprosy infection one of the first symptoms are anesthesia to heat and cold. Leprosy affects the peripheral nervous system by attacking the myelin sheath surrounding the axons which affects the reliability and speed of nerve impulses. In other words, the nerve fibers are no longer insulated and nerve impulses cannot be conducted efficiently.There are different types of sensory receptors located throughout the body and are designed based on a selective stimulus response. The appropriate receptive field is stimulated within a sensory receptor produci ng a response. In Sannu’s condition this action is delayed or absent due to the damage of his free nerve endings. Free nerve endings detect pain, temperature, and touch as well as tickle and itch. Sannu’s encapsulated nerve endings are also damaged. Encapsulated nerve endings detect pressure, vibration, and touch sensations.When Dianna performed the tests to check Sannu’s Achilles tendon and Babinski’s reflex, she was evaluating his somatic senses. Somatic senses involve sensations such as touch, pressure, and pain as well as temperature perception. These are all affected in Leprosy infection. In Sannu’s case he has also lost the sensations of touch, pressure, and pain in his feet and hands due to the affects of leprosy on his nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, and exteroceptors. These sensations are also present in the sensory receptors free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings.Sannu’s interoceptors would not be affected in a Leprosy infection because interoceptors pertain to the body’s internal environment. Mycobacterium leprae grow best in relatively cool areas of the body such as: the skin, peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract as well as the chamber of the eye and in severe untreated cases the testes and eventually other vital organs. Leprosy affects the exteroceptors of the external surface of the body. Nociceptors are the receptors of pain and are located in all tissues of the body with an exception of the brain.Proprioceptors do no adapt very much, this is why Sannu still feels pain in his leg that has been amputated. Sannu’s pain is slow pain. Slow pain is referring to pain that is chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing. The peripheral receptors activated during a stimulus are the nociceptors. Like other cutaneous and subcutaneous receptors, Nociceptors transduce a variety of stimuli into receptor potentials. Also, like other somatic sensory receptors, N ociceptors arise from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia that send one axonal process to the periphery and the other into the spinal cord or brain stem.Peripheral Nociceptors terminate at the site of free nerve endings. Nociceptors are located in the entire body except for the brain. The loss of myelination causes impulses to misfire. Without the myelin sheath the impulses are slower and misdirected. Sannu had little sensation to his extremities because of the process related to his Leprosy infection. Phantom limb pain is a result of neuroplasticity (new neural links can be made), or the brain region that once was responsible for controlling the amputated limb is taken over by an adjacent area of the brain.The phantom limb pain is enhanced by referred sensations, so that stimuli applied to other body parts can be sensed from the phantom limb. In patients with Leprosy, phantom limb pain will not occur with only the amputation of fingers, toes, hands, or feet. Phantom limbs and phanto m limb pain will only occur when the amputation is taken up to the stump of that limb. The representation of Sannu’s amputated leg on the somatosensory map will involve referred sensations because of remapping of somatosensory areas in the brain. The activity of the somatosensory map in the brain leads to conscious experience of body image and somatic sensations.After Sannu’s amputation it is possible for him to initially experience some effects on his balance and equilibrium. This is because after amputation Sannu may still have confused senses of his missing leg. With the introduction of a prosthesis, Sannu’s brain will connect to the prosthetic device causing his brain to remember how to function as if the original leg were still there. The initial sensory loss that Sannu experienced was due to interference of the sensory pathway transmission. Leprosy affects the skin and peripheral nerves which are closest to the exterior of the body where the sensory recept ors are located.Leprosy infection is caused by mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis. Both forms affect the peripheral nervous system by attacking the Schwann cells, destroying the myelin. At the site of the Schwann cell, the bacteria multiply and cause damage of the nerve architecture and cause secondary inflammation. This disease process results in desensitizing sensory receptors. This is why when Sannu cut his foot, he did not feel the pain, nor the infection that followed. Due to his location in a remote village and lack of medical care, his infection resulted in an amputation.The receptors that should have sensed the initial injury to Sannu’s foot are the exteroceptors. Exteroceptors are responsible for responding to stimulus from outside the body such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. After Sannu’s amputation he began experiencing phantom limb sensations. This is considered as a form of neuropathic pain. It is presumed to be a response by t he peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system of an injury. The process of reorganizing occurs from retained nerves from the amputated limb, spinal cord, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.After an amputation the area of the brain that is responsible for processing the sensations from the missing limb are taken over by areas that neighbored the missing limb. It is believed that around 95% of people are naturally immune to Leprosy. Recent research suggests that there is a defect in cell-mediated immunity that causes susceptibility to Leprosy. The area of DNA responsible for that variable is also found in Parkinson’s disease. It is speculated the two disorders are linked somehow at the biochemical level. Research has shown that susceptibility to the disease was linked to region q25 on the long arm of chromosome 6.Further study indicated that the Leprosy susceptibility gene lies within a region shared by two genes for Parkinson’s disease. Resources The Merk Manua l of Diagnosis and Therapy â€Å"Infectious Diseases caused by Mycobacteria† 2004 International Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases â€Å"Linkage of Leprosy Susceptibility to Parkinson’s Disease Genes† June 2004 www. who. ch/program [email  protected] nl www. encyclopedia. com www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/15372437 en. wikipedia. org/wiki/proprioception rarediseases. about. com. lepercolonies. thalidomide May 16 2009 pubmed. gov Muscle Nerve October 30 2004