Knowing And Learning Mathematics Teaching -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Knowing And Learning Mathematics Teaching? Answer: Introduction perform our regular routine mathematics is essential to understand. Individuals get an idea about the basic elements of the mathematics from their kindergarten or pre-school. This learning develops the foundation of the advanced mathematics concept (Siemon et al., 2015). Individuals apply the concept of the mathematics when they are waiting for the bus, watching any TV program, purchasing and paying in the super market, measuring ingredients for cooking or doing some calculation in their daily life. On the other hand, mathematics can be defined as the science of formation, the classification that is executed from the measuring, counting describing of a specific object. The term mathematics is associated with the relationship and measurement of the quantities. Numeracy Numeracy is considered as a skill, which is used for the application of the mathematical ideas in every field of daily life. Numeracy includes in recognizing the concept of numbers, sorting, counting, measuring, addition and subtraction (Nicol, 2016). According to the learning framework of Early Years or EYLF(DEEWR, 2009, p.38), numeracy refers to the capacity, disposition, and confidence to apply the concept of mathematics in the daily routine of life. Numeracy is associated with various EYLF Learning outcomes: As per outcomes 3 (p.32): Children give a demonstration about the spatial awareness and make them such aspect-oriented, they move forward through their environment, which ensures their confidence and safety. Outcome 4: (p.35): In order to record, communicate and organize the mathematical concepts and the ideas children develop and use the representation. Differences between the numeracy and the mathematics concept with proper examples Children get the mathematical concept before they start their school and there the numeracy skill is started to grow during the pre-school. However, evidence shows that the concept of mathematics and the numeracy can be similar and different at the same time. Students develop their knowledge and skill in the mathematics at their early childhood stage and this is based on their own context. However, when a child learns to count then they start to obtain the answers to the questions of "How many" in various vital incidents. Therefore, when a child recites a poem, which is formed by the sequence number can be sung easily and the child has no intention to apply their knowledge in this context. It has been found numeracy has a big difference from the mathematics. As for example, in order to give happiness to the friends the children distribute lollies equally as it helps them to escape from the social chaos. On the other hand, children often use the timer while playing a computer program in order to get a transparent turn. Such type of application of the mathematics concept leads the children to face the challenge in the schools, home, and shopping centers. To resolve this issues the children need to improve their knowledge and skill in math and they have to apply it in different situations of their daily life. Title of website: Farm Shop Role-Play Area The main resource of this activity is the vegetable, which is derived from the farm. A table is placed at one of the corners among the many corners of the classroom. A board is arranged behind the table that is showing the pictures of different vegetables. Different vegetables are kept in different baskets along with the price tag. The types of the vegetables are potatoes, broccoli, pumpkin, tomato, and onion. A small basket is arranged to keep the money and the measuring scale. Rationale: Children can get real-life experience from buying vegetables and fruit. This kind of activity is beneficial for the students to improve their mathematical skills. Through such activity, the children are able to practice many processes include estimation, quantity, and measurement. Children are able to participate in counting, weighing and figuring the price of product per unit by utilizing such activity. This approach is effective for the children to identify the value of the money and they will be able to carry out the practical shopping. On the other hand, they understand to measure the total cost by adding each price of the product. Therefore, children can make a comparison based on the price of different vegetables. They also get an idea about the discount price from the educator. Children can obtain knowledge regarding the use of coin or money. Application This present activity is established at one corner of the room. A table is situated at the corner, which consists of different baskets with different vegetables along with their price. Another basket includes coin and a measuring scale. Educators will give the children instruction that they are going to buying the vegetables. A list of vegetables will be provided to the children that they have to buy. Firstly the children need to go to buy the vegetables that are present on their list. As for examples they have to purchase 5 tomatoes and keep them in their bucket. Then he or she will provide to the shopkeepers (who is also a child). Then the shopkeepers will put the purchased vegetables on the measuring scale and they say its amount and price such as 1kg for 3$. Then the child gives $3 from the basket of the coin and gives it to the shopkeepers. Therefore, another child has to do the same process. The main resources of such activity include cards along with numbers that are written on them. The cards are from 1 to 10 and some boxes are taken with 55 counters. The shapes of the counters are the circle and the color is red. A mat is arranged to perform the activity. Rationale Cards and counters are considered as the mathematical activity to enhance the existing skill and knowledge of the children. Children will get a clear knowledge that each number is prepared based on the different quantity and it helps the students to enhance their counting skill. This activity helps the children to learn the number sequences and they identify the separate units for each number. Through this activity, the children can detect the number and by using the counters they can make larger numbers. This is an open-ended activity thus the children are able to make different shapes by using this counters or they can stack the cards or the counters In this current activity, the child will sit on the mat to perform the activity. Then they have to arrange the number cards by leaving a little but the same gap between each card. When the child sees number 1 then they take one counter and place it under the number 1. Every red counter represents a specific unit and this gives a clear idea to the child that every number is made up of different quantities. Next, the child will take two counters and put it under the number 2. Hence, this process will be continued till the children complete the 10 number. After finishing number 10 the children can found that no counter has been left, which ensures that the children have placed all the cards according to the numbers. This activity allows the children to prepare various shapes by using the counters. Therefore, the children can play with the number cards and recognize the numbers. Evidence shows that to improve the mathematical skill play is an effective activity. Through the playing, the children are able to resolve their mathematical problems by using the numbers. This boosts the knowledge of the children in recognizing the numbers Various sizes of wooden blocks, shapes and the basket are the major resources of such activity. A mat is taken to keep the wooden blocks while the students are playing. Construction of the wooden block gives the children confidence to participate in demonstration and symbolization. This activity allows the children to understand the reasoning, comparison, thinking, and sequencing. Children can develop a clear mathematical concept regarding size, space, weight, and shape. Children are able to improve their imaginary and creative power. However, such activity helps the children to resolve their issues regarding the mathematical concept and they are able to move forward in developing a common objective. Learning is often considered as the incidental in the classroom at the early childhood. It refers that if the environment of a classroom is rich with the resources then the children get a scope to learn things through their own way. In this situation, no teaching is required as children are able to learn things through themselves. As for example, when the children observe the wooden blocks in the basket they got an idea to play with them. As a result, they pick the blocks and stack them one by one. This allows them to identify how long the length of the wooden block is. On the other hand, they can arrange the blocks according to their color, shape, and size. Therefore, by counting all the blocks they can prepare different designs. Such designs highlight different dimensions and can generate a 3D shape. This activity can be linked to the learning outcome 4. This activity allows the children to execute a range of methods and skills include hypothesizing experimentation, investigation, researching, inquiry, and problem-solving method. Plastic cubes with different colors, pencil, and papers are the main resources of such activity. Small cards are taken on which educator has written the additional sums. Application of linking cube is one kind of primary activity, which is effective for the children who are in grade 1. This activity leads the children to understand the concept of addition by using the cubes. They also learn about the process as well as the sign of addition. They can generate the idea through such activity that addition can be done by putting two numbers together. On the other hand, children will be able to read and write the different numbers by performing this activity. Application of the linking cube is an effective way to carry out the addition problems through two ways. In this activity, some cubes are one color while few others have different colors. In this activity, the child read the question 3+1=. Then they put one cube first then place another 3 cubes and join them together. Then the child will count these entire cubes and say 3+1=4, and put this answer in the paper properly. Then the child makes a turn around the cubes and writes 1+3=4. This activity allows the children to make their addition problem or they can develop their own sums by using such cubes. Then they can write it properly. The main purpose of this activity is to reveal the inverse connection of addition. That is 1+3=4 and similarly, 3+1=4. Use of cordless phone is very common for the children as they like to play with it. This kind of game is useful to enhance the learning ability of the children and to increase their mathematical skill. In this activity, they press the number via phone and improve their ability to identify the number. By doing this activity the children will get the scope to identify the problems and to generate solution regarding this problem. Children can improve their social skill besides the mathematical skill through this activity. Use of cordless phone is an important tool to maximize the mathematics skill of the children by involving them. In this game maximum children try to copy their parents one acts as mummy and other one acts as daddy. They act like they are talking to their friends, doctor or another person. This activity ensures that the children are flexible with the technology in the modern world and this also helps to clear their concept of mathematics. References Anna ,G .(2014). Math activities with unfix cubes. Retrieved from: https://www.themeasuredmom.com/math-activities-unifix-cubes/ Fantini.K ,(2015). The Importance of Block Play for Children. Retrieved from:https://earlyyearstraining.com.au/blog/the-importance-of-block-play-for-children/ Kaye. Farm Shop Role-Play AreaRetrieved from https://www.sparklebox.co.uk/gallery Nelson ,K .(2015).6 Hands-On Center Ideas for Using Technology in Pre-K and Kindergarten. Retrieved from: Nicol, C. (2016). Knowing and Learning Mathematics for Teaching.Selected writings from the Journal of the British Columbia Association of Mathematics Teachers: Celebrating 50 years of Vector, 355. Number Cards and Counter.(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.montessoriworld.org/Math/crdcount/crdcount.html Siemon, D. E., Beswick, K., Brady, K., Clark, J., Faragher, R., Warren, E. (2015).Teaching Mathematics. Oxford University Press.

Gossip in the Workplace free essay sample

Gossip in the work place Charlie Brown Peanuts University Prof. Writing in the Disciplines Business Communications EN306B Judy Brown July 18, 2010 Abstract In every work place environment gossip is very common and almost every working individual has been involved in it in some form or another. Although gossip is often derogatory most working individuals have either engaged in it or have been a victim of it. I t can also be referred to as a form of work place bullying and have a detrimental affect on an organization because it can cause a great deal of harm to the people involved and the organization it self. The gossip mill is a workplace problem that is very easy to get involved and also almost very hard to resist and it is a problem that needs to be addressed. The effects of gossip will be analyzed through this report. Gossip in the work place INTRODUCTION The main focus of this report is to examine the existence of gossip in the work place. Gossiping as a whole will be defined and it repercussions in the work place environment will be analyzed. Although, gossip is often associated with work place bullying this report will only examine the concerns of gossiping at the financial services department for CHATEX Co. This organization is a transportation company with over 500 employees and the financial services department is the support department that employs thirty para-professionals who handle everything from book keeping, contracts and payroll. The CHATEX’s financial services department will be the central focus for this report since; it has had a high volume of employee turn over within the last two years. CHATEX’s management team has recognized that gossip in the work place could be the issue that has contributed to low employee morale and high employee turn over. CHATEX prides itself in customer service and feels that employee loyalty and longevity are essential to its success, so they have requested an analysis of gossip and its ramifications in the work place. Therefore, the office environment at CHATEX was examined where a confidential survey was conducted and the data was collected as well as research from other sources was analyzed. GOSSIP THE PROBLEM In order to understand its ramifications gossip needs to be defined. In their article Gossip’s Toll On The Workplace, Smerd and Jeremy define gossip as â€Å"idle chit chat but reputational warfare† where rumors, non factual stories are spread that can hurt the reputation of the person being talked about. Work place gossip can cause a great deal of harm to an organization in his employee newsletter Hennessey claims that there are several ways in which gossip can hurt a company. The ways are listed as follows: * Lost productivity and wasted time * Morale and trust are eroded * Increased anxiety among employees as rumors circulate without any clear information as to what is fact and what isn’t * Divisiveness tends to grow among employees as people may â€Å"take sides† * Feelings and reputations are hurt, sometimes causing severe damage. * The â€Å"gossipers† may jeopardize changes for their own advancement because they are perceived as unprofessional. * Good employees may leave the company due to an unhealthy work atmosphere. Since, gossiping was defined gossiping as a serious work place problem that affects both the employee and the organization it also needs to be analyzed and recommendations to a solution need to be implemented to prevent it from happening. SOLUTION/RECOMMENDATION(S) Since, gossip was defined as the underlying reason affecting low employee morale and a high employee turn over the Human Resources department were given the results of the survey conducted at CHATEX Co. and were given a set of recommendations. These recommendations included a change in policy and procedures section in the employee handbook. These changes include a strong policy against harassment in any form that includes bullying/gossiping in any form. The policy stresses no tolerance to rumors or gossip in any form and implemented an open door policy in which any one come drop in and express any discomfort or inform the H. R. dept that they are victims of gossip. The H. R. dept. will pursue an investigation and if the investigation finds that the allegations are true then the parties involved will be counseled and given an oral reprimand. If parties being reprimanded continue to partake in office gossip they will be written up and depending on the severity of the gossip they will be suspended a full day with out pay. In his news letter Hennessy recommends ways in which gossip can be avoided and lists questions that a person might ask themselves if they find themselves in a situation where they might be tempted to participate in gossip. The questions are as follows: * Is what I am about to say true? * Is it harmless? * How would I feel if someone said something similar about me? How would I feel if I saw my words quoted in the daily paper? * How am I going to feel later if I say this (or listen to this)? * Does gossiping honor my own personal values? Hennessey also included a quote in the newsletter that has a powerful message about gossip that reads: â€Å"The real art of conversation is not to say the right thing at the right place but to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment†. -Dorothy Nevil RES ULTS AND ANALYSIS OF SURVEY The survey was an anonymous survey given to the support staff at CHATEX Co. t was an online survey where the results collected were to be collected and interpreted to analyze and come up with recommendations for the company. The survey questions were all yes or no questions and were as follows: 1. Do you believe gossip exists in the workplace/office environment? 2. Have you ever participated in gossip in the workplace? 3. Have you ever gossiped about a fellow co-worker? 4. Have you ever gossiped spread rumors about a fellow co-worker because you are jealous of him or her? 5. Have you ever gossiped about someone purposely to harm that person? . Have you ever been a victim of gossip in the workplace? 7. Do you believe that gossip in the workplace can hinder/prevent a person from succeeding in the workplace? 8. If yes to question six did you confront the person or people who were gossiping about you? 9. Can office gossip hurt employee morale? 10. Do you beli eve that management is sometimes involved in workplace gossip or rumors? It was analyzed that out of thirty para-professionals only twenty-eight participated and all are full time employees working in the financial services department of CHATEX Co. Their ages range from twenty-one to fifty-two years and the findings do support the before mentioned research that gossip is a problem in the work place environment. * 100% do believe that gossip exists in the workplace environment * 70. 4 % admitted that they have participated in some sort of gossip or another * 67. 9 % stated that they have been a victim of gossip in the workplace * 85. 7% believe that gossip in the workplace can hinder/prevent a person from being successful in the workplace. * 100% agree that gossip can hurt employee morale * 92. % believe that management is sometimes involved in workplace gossip Since, low employee morale leads to poor employee production and effectiveness the following is a chart that indicates how many people admitted to being a victim of gossip in the workplace: CONCLUSION In order to promote workplace harmony and increase employee morale and stop the high employee turn over in the financial services department of CHATEX Co. a new employee pol icy needs to be implemented. After implementation of this new policy employees must respect and adhere to its rules or serious consequences or even termination may ensue for non-compliance. Mandatory employee training for all employees of CHATEX Co. will be done to discuss the changes of the employee handbook and the implementation of the â€Å"no gossiping â€Å" policy will be discussed along with its repercussions. Every year once a year a survey will be conducted to analyze and evaluate if the problem has improved and the results will be reviewed and discussed in annual employee grass roots seminar. References 1. Hennessy, k. (n. d. ). Workplace gossip. Employee Newsletter, Retrieved from http://www. healthsystem. virginia. du/internet/feap/newsletters Gossip. pdf 2. Holland, Margaret G. â€Å"What’s wrong with telling the truth? An analysis of gossip† Academic Onefile. Web. 17 July 2010. (Document ID:A18478474 3. Nefer, B. , (2009, April). Neutralizing the power of workplace gossip. SuperVision, 70(4), 14-16. Retrieved July 17, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global (Document ID: 1749569611). 4. Smerd, J.. (2010, March). GOSSIP’S TOLL ON THE WORKPLACE. Workforce Management, 89(3),3. Retrieved July 17, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:1980892741

Computational Linguistics

Abstract This research paper evaluates whether people can communicate with people speaking in foreign languages through the mediation of translation applications. In a bid to perform this task, the paper makes a comprehensive analysis about the strategies that could be applied when translating. Furthermore, it will describe the mechanisms involved in facilitating the translation. It is, therefore, apparent that this research paper will concentrate on showing how translation application can mediate speaking to people with distinct languages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Computational Linguistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Development of a language is an ability that must occur in everybody’s life. There are numerous procedures that can be applied to understand the development of languages (Hausser, 2001). One of these methods involves computational approaches. Computational li nguistic is a broad concept derived from various disciplines (Hausser, 2001). The concept utilizes statistical procedures in structuring natural languages through computing. Some of the fields that these genres arise from are philosophy, investigators, speech experts, and cognitive scientist among others that contribute to accumulation of computation language knowledge. Literature Young learners are exposed to the concept of information acquisition at an early age. However, the society is biased when exposing the young learners. This is because it tends to favor positive information over negative information. In this process, learners are only aware about positive information. This is evidenced through the knowledge provided when they are exposed to total blackout. It appears during matters relating to negative information. This fact, therefore, limits the application of language computational models. In addition, it has been a common practice that a language can be learnt by introd ucing the content in small bits first. This is followed by increasing it gradually to favor optimal learning process (Chan Pollard, 2001). This concept has been applied in developing the robots with potentials that are almost similar to human beings. Also, this is applied to test the realities of linguistics theories. However, some people argue that disseminating bits information prolongs the learning process of the children. These theories argue that a person continues to develop linguistically when the natural network plays the role of perceiving and understanding (Grishman, 1986). Through the application of computational linguistic approaches, researchers have discovered advanced systems that have the capacity to foresee future development in linguistics. Additionally, they explain the development of the modern language. Some tools that have been applied include Prince Equation and poyla dynamics.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Translation from one language to another is guided by grammatical structures that govern the spoken and written language. This means that one will only archive a successful translation process if various forms of knowledge are applied. These forms of knowledge define grammatical rules that govern a language. Translation will require understanding of the two involved languages. The concept of language development has influenced the act of applying translation. A child learns overtime how to communicate effectively using a given language. The reason behind a child understanding language and ability to decode information has been the guiding factor to the development and implementation of translation (Lehmann, 2008). The logic is based on how the various forms of knowledge interact and produce a string that can be understood and interpreted by the brain. Analysis of Practicability in Developing Translators Translation mechani sms are based on applied computational concept when developing translation software and other applications. There are various forms of knowledge that are considered when developing these software and applications. This should be applied in accordance to the details described in the consequent sections of this research paper. This knowledge lays the basis of understanding how one can communicate to other people without any understanding of another language. Basic Translation Application Functioning Bi-translation was considered when translating from one language to another. The first step would be to develop the language structure of the two languages that are involved. This will be done by the languages specialists. The development of this structure will focus essentially on adherence to Phonetic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic knowledge. This is because the knowledge is concerned with the particulate languages. Adherence to the grammatical rules of the two languages will be the basic elements of achieving optimal efficiency when translating the two languages. This implies that a person will encounter similar problems to those expected in case s/he spoke the language. Consequently, a person must have adequate skills and manpower to facilitate application of all the knowledge in a manner upholding grammatical correctness with the aim of making sure that the target message is delivered.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Computational Linguistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next phase will involve developing the structures of the two languages in the computer application. These applications will be used for the translation. At this point, computer scientists, philosophers, artificial intelligence experts, psycholinguistics, cognitive physiologist, neuroscientist, logicians, and mathematicians among others will help in advancing the structures of the languages (Gelbukh, 2011). The advances will be performed in a manner that will be useful to the targeted party. This phase will involve developing a platform on how the two languages will be interacting. One communicators will be feeding the computer with contents using known language. On the other hand, the other person has to see it in a language that s/he understands. The question will be how to integrate the two languages such that translation is achieved without distorting the meaning. This is where artificial intelligence will play a vital role of harmonizing the communication between the two languages so that they can exchange the meaning appropriately. In other words, the machine will have an inter-language interface that helps the two languages to interact and determine the wording of the statements that are being translated. The modality of this interaction will, therefore, call for collective efforts from all the disciplines that are involved. Once these modalities are developed, it becomes possible to exchange information through such an application. Pragmatic knowledge, disclosure knowledge, and world knowledge are put into action. This means that once one party writes a sentence within a certain context, the other will receive the sentence in the other language just as the writer intendeds. Descriptions will be possible because the application can accord the rightful meaning of every word through context word evaluation. This involves contextual application of the word. Usage of world knowledge, therefore, becomes possible due to the involvement of different contexts. This will facilitate effective translation since the machine will recognize the context through the structure of the words. Translation Mechanism The concepts of localization and internationalization are the guiding factors in translation mechanism. Localization of translation mechanism takes place in two phases. The first stage entails utilization of the translation structure defined by artificial in telligence. It establishes the procedures that the translation process follows. This establishes an interphase between the two languages. Moreover, it works on the basis that the two languages will present the contents in a defined manner favoring translation. This implies that language content is presented in strings that are remitted to other language structures for translation.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A string is a pattern that a language presents the building blocks given in a text. A string comprises of many patterns. This is because a language is not exhausted. An application will have a string pattern adapter used to streamline the patterns for effective handling. String patterns adopter categorizes strings into classes. The classifications help in replication of patterns that have closely related patterns. This means that one class of the string is not presented as the entire language. Moreover, a string is presented in structural rules relating to it. For instance, assuming that a sentence has a noun and a verb, the string pattern generated will be accompanied by rules relating to the combination of words. These words will be from the two classes and the world knowledge associated when enhancing contextualization. The final stage involves the actual localization of the translated words (Bowker, 2002). This means that the language content made on one side is translated succe ssfully and adopted by the other party. This aspect of translation is achieved when the translation of a language content relays an intended meaning. Furthermore, it implies that when one language presents an ambiguous string to the other language, the translated meaning differ from the exact intensions. Consequently, the actual localization will not be achieved. Internationalization is the individual understanding ability facilitated by translation. When a successful translation is performed, it is defined as internationalization of a local language. The effectiveness of the mechanism is not based on the ability to convey the intended message. Instead, it is the ability to contextualize information in the other culture. This ensures attainment of common ground between the two parties. A combination of internationalization and localization is the baseline dictating the interaction of two languages. This is because the two concepts define the extent of interaction between the parties involved. This happens through mutual respect to each party culture. The translation mechanism has a structured course to be followed. First, the source sentence is written in accordance to grammatical structural rules of the local language. Syntactic analysis will be carried out to pave the way for syntactic parse tree. Afterwards, syntactic transformation is carried out leading to second language generation that results to the production of targeted sentence. This process takes place in accordance to the modelling. This facilitates realization of the desired outcome (Quah, 2006). Translation mechanism strategies Knowledge based approach This method relies on stereotyped domain knowledge in a context involving automation of the written text. The method is affected by translation requirement that advocates for execution of syntactic analysis. This analysis has good and bad effects to the quality of translation under this approach. The key advantage associated to this approach is ar ises from its ability to create a platform of multilingual translation (Quah, 2006). In addition, this approach facilitates grammatical transfer of language content to concrete parsing and technique generation. A parser is used to generate semantic representation through mapping of the source language while the generator matches the representation to the desired language. Moreover, this method facilitates translation of the local language into many languages. This is because only one parser is required to generate different languages. This means that the generators have to be based on different languages. This approach is essential in multilingual translation because its development can be traced. Figure1: Shows the flow of translation under knowledge bases approach This method provides the principle stages that a text passes for translation purposes. This method is only applied during paired language translations. This means that it is used when one needs to translate from one lan guage into another. In addition, this method does not require linguistic theories to function. It relies on utilizing morphological analysis, dictionaries and word processing mechanism to carry out translation process. Figure 2 shows the flow of translation under direct strategy approach. Figure 2 shows the flow of translation under direct strategy approach Transfer Translation strategy Under this method, the text is translated is by passing through abstract internal representation. This will facilitates information transfer at both structural and lexical levels of the two languages. Translation then occurs immediately after completing information transfer for the two levels. Three dictionaries can be applied in this method. The three dictionaries are Structural level dictionary, lexical level transfer dictionary and bilingual dictionary (Quah, 2006). Interlingua Transfer strategy This method involves developing independent multilingual dictionary. This serves as a universal dictio nary for translating languages in all levels. This method requires N source texts and M translated text to function only. This means that the required amount of transfer blocks is the multiple of the two base blocks. N analyzers are used to work alongside M generators in this translation (Quah, 2006). Translation Applications Translation application is a computer program that can produce a text in a different language from the input language. There are various known translations programs that include Language Ware Access Professional, Globalink Power Translator Professional, and Intergraph Transcend Version among others (Bowker, 2002). The translation mechanism of this application takes various forms. Semantic invariance is one way that a translation mechanism utilizes in the translation process. This methodology involves preservation of the invariant meaning during translation. Pragmatic invariance is the other methodology. It focuses on preserving the intentions of the sender. The application must preserve the intention of the sender in order to uphold effectiveness of the translation. Structural invariance ensures that syntactic structure is adhered (Bowker, 2002). This ensures that the string patterns are unaltered. Lexical invariance facilitates ‘one to one’ word mapping. This is essential in deducing the right word to match with the input word. Spatial invariance safeguards external traits that are associated with the words in the text. Communication Using Translation Application There are two ways that translation can be achieved and used. One method involves the use of human interpreters. This could be on the site where it is supported by computer application. The other method uses automated interpretation technologies. Under the automated interpretation technologies, the application that interprets the content is inbuilt (Quah, 2006). There are the three ways that automated translation technology could be used. One-Way Technology This tec hnology facilitates passing of information from one part to another using pre-corded multilingual phrases. The application has an inbuilt warehouse of these phrases (Bowker, 2002). The person relaying a message chooses the phrase to be used basing on operational guidelines. This method is disadvantageous because it does not facilitate feedbacks. Limited two-way technology This method allows the person conveying information to use structured phrases and sentences to send the message. The sender feeds the message to the application program using a local language. However, the recipient receives an understandable language. The method is more effective than one-technology way because it facilities limited feedback from the information recipient. This is because the inbuilt data warehouse contains response phrase (Bowker, 2002). However, this method is not effective because it does not allow respondents to express feeling in their own ways. Full two-way technology It is the best develope d and most effective method. It facilitates the interpretation of language soon after feeding sound to the interpretation software. It facilitates a two-way communication between the parties involved. The technology is not only applicable in computers, but also to specialized headsets (Bowker, 2002). It is used commonly in international conferences. Conclusion The world today has experienced increased interaction between people who do not share a common language. The need to facilitate effective communication between people has resulted to the development of translation application that assist them in their communication when performing their activities. These translation applications abide to the developed language structure (Gelbukh, 2011). This consolidates the fact that translating a language requires a person to understand and speak it. The grammatical understanding has to be built in this system. This research has addressed the following question. Can we communicate with peopl e who have foreign language using translation applications? The answer to this question is ‘yes’. We can communicate to people who speak a foreign language using translation applications. The research paper has squarely covered the basics that are necessary to achieve that goal. It is factual to argue that communication is no longer a significant barrier to human activities. References Bowker, L. (2002). Computer-aided translation technology: a practical introduction. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. Chan, S., Pollard, D. E. (2001). An encyclopaedia of translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Gelbukh, A. (2011). Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing 12th international conference cicling proceedings. Berlin: Springer. Grishman, R. (1986). Computational linguistics: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hausser, R. R. (2001). Foundations of computational linguistics: human-computer commun ication in natural language (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. Lehmann, C. (2008). Morphology, Part 2 an International Handbook on Inflection and Word-formation. Berlin: Walter Quah, C. K. (2006). Translation and technology. Houndmills [England: Palgrave Macmillan. This research paper on Computational Linguistics was written and submitted by user Marilyn Pitts to help you with your own studies. 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Native American Argumentative Essay Topics - How to Prepare For These Essays

Native American Argumentative Essay Topics - How to Prepare For These EssaysNative American argumentative essay topics are always a challenge. In most cases, there is a long list of topics that can be used, and those that cannot. This is where the Native American student really gets her licks in!One thing to remember when looking for Native American argumentative essay topics is that a lot of these are loaded with a lot of qualifiers. It's easy to assume that you have hit the jackpot and not realize that there are probably a lot of qualifiers available. For example, you could have asked a question like 'Who were the first Native Americans?' You might have also asked 'What kinds of skills did these early Americans use?'Here, we're looking at a wide range of qualifications. It's great to find an essay topic like this, because it allows us to continue the question, 'Who were the first Native Americans?' And, if you can find a good way to start with a qualifier or qualification, that wil l really add some character to your Native American argumentative essay topics.To help with the difficulty of Native American argumentative essay topics, one idea to use is the 'big words' approach. By using big words and big ideas, you will definitely have a better chance of ending up with a good essay. And, you'll have found yourself an essay topic that you feel confident in, and a topic that is going to grab a lot of attention. It is these topics that become the benchmarks by which other topics are judged.Think about something that is particularly important to the people from the particular topic you are writing about. A major historical event is going to be something that is very important to them. If it is a very large political issue, it may even be something that is very critical to the way they see the world.The best way to approach the subject of Native American argumentative essay topics is to look at a story, or more specifically, consider a story. Then, think about a per son, or more specifically, think about a person's emotions. Then, look at how these stories have impacted the people who are telling them. That is what makes Native American argumentative essay topics such challenging topics.When you find yourself in a line of Native American argumentative essay topics, try to take your time, think about all the qualifiers that may apply, and maybe even take some notes or put together some ideas about what the main points or concepts of the topic are. This will help you along the way and will help you find the best essay topics.

Job Profile - Human Resources Managers

Job Profile - Human Resources Managers What Is a Human Resources Manager? A human resources manager, or HR manager, is in charge of overseeing the human capital, or employees, of an organization. They often help to staff an organization by recruiting employees, conducting hiring interviews, and selecting new employees. Once staff is hired, the human resources manager may oversee employee training, employee benefits programs (such as insurance programs), and disciplinary proceedings.   Human Resources Management Job Titles Some human resources managers are just called human resources managers, but others may have more specialized titles. Some of the most common job titles associated with the human resources management field include:   Affirmative Action SpecialistBenefits ManagerCompensation ManagerEmployee Relations representativeEmployee Welfare ManagerGovernment Personnel SpecialistJob AnalystLabor Relations ManagerPersonnel ManagerTraining Manager Required Education for Human Resources Managers Most human resources managers have some sort of formal education. The minimum requirement is typically a bachelors degree in business, management, human resources or a related field. However, it is not uncommon for human resources to have a more advanced degree, such as a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or a specialized masters degree, such as a Master in Human Resources Management. While enrolled in a human resources degree  program, students will usually take core business courses in management, accounting, and finance as well as more specialized courses that teach them about labor relations, workplace psychology, benefits management, business ethics, and business law. Student who want to work for a company with a global business presence should also take courses in international business.   In addition to classes, aspiring human resources managers should also seek out other opportunities while they are enrolled in a college, university or business school program. Networking is important in this field. Meeting people will make it easier to get a job after graduation and may even help you to fill positions once you do start working for a company. Participating in internships and experiential learning experiences can also give you valuable hands-on skills that will prepare you for your career and possibly give you an edge over other applicants when you enter the workforce after graduation.   Salaries for Human Resources Managers Human resources management is a lucrative career path for business majors. According to numbers published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, human resources managers make a median annual salary of more than $100,000 per year. The highest paid HR managers earn almost $200,000 per year.   Job Outlook for Human Resources Managers Growth  in the human resources field  is expected to be better than average in the coming years, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Opportunities are expected to be best for individuals with a masters degree in human resources or a related area.

Sustainable operations,research paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sustainable operations, - Research Paper Example Carrefour is a multi-format, multi-channel and multi-local group comprising of approximately 9,994 stores which operates in thirty three different countries in the world. Stores operate in a range formats and channels namely, hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores, cash and carry stores for professionals and hypercash stores which are specifically designed to address the requirements of different consumer segments. Some stores are designed by vertically integrating the stages in the value chain example, Hypercash stores combines the benefits of Cash and carry stores (wholesale) and convenience of hypermarkets (retail). Creating specific investment between stages of the value chain helps firms to internally exploit their pool of knowledge and capacities, and to guarantee quality of inputs and services employed (DÃ ­ez N.p). Carrefour has launched specific sustainability oriented programs to the stakeholders in different stages of its value chain. Sustainable development for the business enterprise can be defined as adopting business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources that will be needed in the future. This definition suggests that business growth must meet the needs of its shareholders; lenders, customers, employees, suppliers and communities who are affected by the organization’s activities which must not irreparably degrade or destroy the natural and human resource bases in its venture for raising physical and financial capital. Carrefour adopts a sustainable development self-assessment tool for the suppliers which is a detailed self-evaluation framework designed in conjunction with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), accessible to suppliers online, including forty nine self assessment criteria based on four central pillars: sustainable development management

Sponsoring Arsenal Football Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sponsoring Arsenal Football Club - Essay Example The season for the premier league starts from the month of august till may. It is one of the most lucrative leagues as it is attracting all the top players all over the world to its teams. In the year 1992, the premiere league was sponsored by Carlings. This was followed by the sponsorship of the premiere league by the Barclays card. "A history of the premier league". In the year 2001, the Barclays started complete sponsorship to the premiere league and from there on it came to be known as Barclays Premiere League. Today, people recognise the English premiere league by the name of Barclays. The sponsorship to the league started in the year 1992, it was first sponsored by Carlings and later on by Barclaycard from 2001-2004, Barclays 2004-2007, Barclays premier league finally 2007-2010. The total number of teams competing in the Barclay's premier league is 40 clubs. Out of the 40, 4 have already won the title of Manchester united, Blackburn rovers, arsenal, Chelsea. I have also discuss ed the competition format for the 20 clubs in the premiere league. About Barclay Bank, the bank has its headquarters in London alongwith Barclays Group Chairman is Marcus Aguis, and the Group Chief Executive is John Varley. They also function in all over the world, offering their customers with the suitable products and services. The company is listed on the London stock exchange. The bank also complies with the UK combined code on corporate governance. Barclays bank has a history of 300 years old. In all these years the bank has grown to offer its customers the required and the right product and the serices, suiting their requirement. The bank has its services in the field of financial services; they are also into retail and commercial banking, credit cards, investment banking, wealth management services al over the globe. The bank has its extensive international presence in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. The Barclays bank operates in more than 50 countries and has its tota l employees of approximately 155,000 people. Now, the question arises as why did Barclays bank tie up with the premiere league The premier league laid down the following objectives and they were the ones that compelled Barclays to sponsor the premiere league. They were to be regarded world's best football league off and on the field, to promote the accessibilty to live games and enough media exposure and generate traffic to the media channel where the league is forecasted. To generate sufficient revenue so as to strengthen the future events of the premier league and its clubs as also been the main aim of the premier league. Football is the main domestic sport of the people there. They thought that this is the best way to advertise and promote their products and services. As the traffic is already generated by the fans, so they thought of doing innovative marketing and promotion of their products and services. They contributed to the premier league right from the year 2001 till 2010. Obviously, if Barclays is sponsoring such a big event then it would definitely change the preception of the people regarding Barclays banking. They are